PSI - Issue 84

Biruk Yenehun Lemlem et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 84 (2026) 1255–1263

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intersecting forces are subdivided into three-sided hydrostatic nodes. The acting stresses in each component are determined by dividing the acting force by the corresponding cross-sectional area, while the corresponding resistant stresses for ties, struts, and nodes are evaluated using the established formulations prescribed in Eurocode 2 (European Committee for Standardization, 2004). The strength of concrete struts is assessed in accordance with the code provisions for cases both with and without transverse tension. 1 = 0 −2 1 ( Errore. Nel documento non esiste testo dello stile specificato. .1) = 2 1 + ( − 1) ∗ + ( Errore. Nel documento non esiste testo dello stile specificato. .2) = ( Errore. Nel documento non esiste testo dello stile specificato. .3) 3.3. Probabilistic Capacity Assessment Four sources of uncertainty are considered in this study: (i) applied load, separated into dead load and live load components; (ii) concrete compressive strength; (iii) steel yield strength; and (iv) resistance model uncertainty. These parameters are modeled as random variables with prescribed statistical distributions, and MCS is employed to evaluate their combined effect on the half-joint capacity. The overall resistance of the structure, R tot , is quantified as the minimum safety factor across all STM elements, representing the load multiplier at which the first element reaches its capacity. The safety factor accounts for both the stress ratio and the resistance model uncertainty factor K R , which represents systematic bias in STM predictions arising from model idealizations and simplifications. The complete implementation is carried out in MATLAB, with 100,000 simulations executed for each case. The stochastic input parameters adopted in this study are summarized in Table 1.