PSI - Issue 84

Michele Placido Antonio Gatto et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 84 (2026) 111–118

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Fig. 6. FS maps computed with X-SLIP for the Sondrio (1994) and Casargo (2019) events before and during landslide occurrence.

7 January 1994 00:00

8 January 1994 00:00

SONDRIO

06 August 2019 00:00

07 August 2019 00:00

CASARGO (LC)

4. Conclusions The proposed method combines the SLIP model with synthetic rainfall distributed over a 30-day period, distinguishing between predisposing precipitation (“background noise”) and triggering rainfall ( P30 ). Three predisposing rainfall distribution patterns (uniform, triangular, and parabolic) were calibrated using real events from Sondrio (1994) and Casargo (2019). The calibration process allowed the critical factor of safety value (FS = 1) to be associated with meaningful percentiles of historical rainfall, confirming the consistency of the model with local pluviometric conditions. The results indicate that the parabolic pattern is more representative for the Sondrio case, whereas the uniform pattern is more suitable for Casargo. The FS maps obtained using X-SLIP demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in predicting potential soil slip triggering.