PSI - Issue 84

Pavlina Lakatosova et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 84 (2026) 1278–1285

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Fig. 8. Reinforcement stress under vehicle impact loading

As in any finite element-based model, the directions of principal compressive stresses can be visualized, allowing for the identification of stress trajectories and load transfer from compressed concrete to the tensile reinforcement. The ratio of reinforcement stress to yield strength is shown in blue. At the same time, red vectors indicate equivalent stress directions in individual three-dimensional elements, forming continuous compression struts (see Figs. 9 and 10).

Fig. 9. Detailed visualization of compressive stress trajectories under vehicle impact loading

Fig. 10. Detailed visualization of compressive stress trajectories under wind loading