PSI - Issue 84

Vincenzo Gattulli et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 84 (2026) 41–48

43

Fig. 1. BIM model of LNGS Hall B.

To address these challenges, a multi-layer monitoring infrastructure has been deployed within the LNGS facilities. The primary system (SYSTEM A) includes structural and environmental sensors distributed along the Hall to capture both global and local responses. In parallel, an advanced configuration (SYSTEM B) has been implemented within specific experimental areas, integrating an IoT-based sensor network that enables continuous observation of structural and operational conditions. Among the hosted experiments, the LUNA (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics) facility represents a key application case, operating under strictly controlled conditions where structural vibrations and environmental fluctuations must be minimized, with multiple sensor layouts distributed across clean and control rooms. The COSINUS experiment provides a complementary case for dynamic characterization, where short-term tests have enabled the identification of modal frequencies and damping ratios under operational conditions. From a structural monitoring perspective, Hall B is a complex and demanding environment where multiple monitoring systems and experimental setups coexist, making it an ideal testbed for developing and validating advanced Digital Twin frameworks that integrate geometry, sensing, and real-time data analysis. From a structural engineering perspective, the complexity of Hall B does not only lie in its geometry and environmental conditions, but also in the interaction between structural response and experimental sensitivity requirements. This aspect makes the facility particularly suitable for investigating the limits of current monitoring approaches and for testing advanced Digital Twin frameworks under realistic operational constraints. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple experimental setups introduces spatially heterogeneous boundary conditions and localized dynamic behavior, which represent a challenging scenario for both monitoring and modelling. This reinforces the importance of adopting integrated approaches that combine spatially distributed sensing with physics-based interpretation. 3. Proposed Digital Twin Framework The Digital Twin system developed for LNGS Hall B is conceived as an integrated framework combining geometric modelling, multisensor monitoring, and data analytics within a unified operational environment. The objective is to establish a continuous link between the physical infrastructure and its digital representation, enabling real-time observation and interpretation of structural behavior. The framework integrates heterogeneous data acquired from distributed sensors with a high-fidelity geometric model within a BIM/IFC-based environment. This integration enables continuous data acquisition, near real-time processing, and visualization of structural and environmental conditions, allowing the Digital Twin to operate as a dynamic representation of the physical system. The system relies on distributed sensing devices, local data aggregation, and centralized data storage and analysis, ensuring continuous monitoring without disrupting laboratory operations. The overall organization follows a reference architecture commonly adopted in structural health monitoring systems, in which data acquired at distributed sensing nodes are transmitted to local aggregation units and subsequently to a centralized server for storage and analysis