PSI - Issue 8

Francesco Mocera et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 8 (2018) 126–136 Mocera, Vergori/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000 – 000

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3. Generated current profiles

In this section, the data acquired with the built equipment are presented. In Figs. 4a and 4b respectively, a Dynamic Stress Test (DST) profile and a Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) test profile are shown. In both cases, the current during the processes of charging and discharging can be suitably controlled.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 4. (a) DST profile, (b) HPPC test profile.

4. Battery modeling

The battery cell under test is a LiFePO 4 battery with a nominal capacity of 25 Ah (the key specifications of the battery are summarized in Table 1).

Table 1. LiFePO 4 battery cell specifications. Specifications Chemistry

LiFePO 4

Nominal Capacity

25 Ah

Nominal Voltage End-of-charge Voltage End-of-discharge Voltage Dimensions (t x w x h)

3.2 V 3.65 V 2.0 V 27 x 70 x 180 mm

The theoretical capacity mainly depends on the quantity of active material that is inside the battery cell. In operating conditions, the capacity of a battery cell is not a constant property, it mainly varies according to the charging/discharging conditions, temperature and ageing. According to the application, the battery can be modelled in different ways. In HEVs and EVs, as a compromise between accuracy and computational effort, the most used models are the equivalent circuit based battery models as summarized by He et al. (2012) and Yang (2016). In literature, such as Hu et al. (2012), many equivalent circuit models exist and can be used according to the degree of detail requested. Some models consider the hysteresis effect observed between the charging and discharging process, others include the self-discharge of the battery. He et al. (2012) present the most widespread equivalent circuit based battery models that are the Rint model, the Thevenin model with one RC branch and circuits with two or more RC branches. According to the equivalent circuit based models suggested from the literature, the Rint model was selected because of its simplicity and reduced computational effort. In this model, the battery is represented as a voltage