PSI - Issue 72

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ScienceDirect

Procedia Structural Integrity 72 (2025) 401–408

12th Annual Conference of Society for Structural Integrity and Life (DIVK12) Toward bullet’s residual velocity and plate’s stress contour under ballistic impact: An idealization of ship casualties under piracy Gusti Kid Faiq Syah a,b , Aditya Rio Prabowo a, *, Jung Min Sohn c , Hermes Carvalho d,e a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia b Laboratory of Design and Computational Mechanics, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia c Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Systems Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea d Department of Structural Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil e Department of Structural Engineering and Geotechnical, University of São Paulo, Brazil Abstract Interactions during piracy can lead to dangerous situations, especially for hazardous material transport. This study aims to ensure mesh convergence's effect on the projectile's energy depletion after impact with the target plate assumed as an oil tanker wall. The simulation results are compared with experimental and numerical results from previous research conducted by Alwan et al. The comparison will produce an error value. In the previous study, the residual velocity was measured using a high-speed camera to measure the projectile's velocity after impact using the experimental method. From the simulation results carried out using LS DYNA software, the differences between mesh variations can be seen from the results shown, namely, the more negligible the mesh used, the higher the residual velocity and time required, while the smaller the mesh used, the lower the residual velocity. © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of Aleksandar Sedmak, Branislav Djordjevic, Simon Sedmak Dr. Simon Sedmak, ssedmak@mas.bg.ac.rs, Innovation Center of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia

Keywords: Ballistic impact; residual velocity; finite element method; Aluminum 1100-H12

1. Introduction Maritime transport accounts for over 80% of the world trade volume and is the backbone of the global economy. Global supply chains create a complex network of trade flows. The structure of this network impacts not only the socioeconomic development of the concerned regions but also their ecosystems (Kosowska and Stamirowska, 2020).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-271-163-632; fax: +62-271-163-632 E-mail address: aditya@ft.uns.ac.id

2452-3216 © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of Aleksandar Sedmak, Branislav Djordjevic, Simon Sedmak Dr. Simon Sedmak, ssedmak@mas.bg.ac.rs, Innovation Center of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia 10.1016/j.prostr.2025.08.120