PSI - Issue 72

E.B. Galkina et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 72 (2025) 222–228

227

Table 2. Values of residual deformations for the studied materials PLA PETG

ABS

Bottom, µε

− 3152

− 3486

− 7680

Middle, µε

− 3135

− 3431

− 7138

Top, µε

− 3106

− 3410

− 6655

4. Conclusions The presented study examines the feasibility of using distributed FOS based on Rayleigh scattering to measure technological and residual strains in materials during FDM/FFF printing. A method for strain measurement is demonstrated on 3D-printed samples with a rectangular cross-section with embedded distributed FOS. The results are presented for thermoplastic polymers commonly used in FDM/FFF 3D printing. Experimental results show that the levels of technological and residual strains are highly dependent on the used material, with strain distribution along the samples remaining non-uniform after production. It was also observed for the ABS sample that residual strains vary over the sample height. Specifically, strain levels decrease as the distance from the 3D printer bed increases. It is important to note that products manufactured using FDM/FFF printing exhibit a non-zero initial stress-strain state. This factor must be considered when producing both functional prototypes and critical structural components. These findings emphasize the need for a more detailed investigation into the technological and residual strains that arise during FDM/FFF printing, as well as methods for their minimization. Acknowledgements The study was made in the framework of the government task, registration number of the theme 124020700047-3. References Cano-Vicent, A., Tambuwala, M.M., Hassan, Sk.S., Barh, D., Aljabali, A.A.A., Birkett, M., Arjunan, A., Serrano-Aroca, Á., 2021. Fused deposition modelling: Current status, methodology, applications and future prospects. Addit Manuf 47, 102378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102378 Chen, R., He, W., Xie, H., Liu, S., 2021. Monitoring the strain and stress in FDM printed lamellae by using Fiber Bragg Grating sensors. Polym Test 93, 106944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106944 Han, P., Zhang, S., Tofangchi, A., Hsu, K., 2021. 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