PSI - Issue 72

C.F.F. Gomes et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 72 (2025) 34–42

41

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

P m [kN]

0

10

20

30

40

L O [mm]

Araldite AV138

Araldite 2015

SikaForce 7752

c)

Fig. 7. P m as a function of L O and different adhesives for a) CFRP; b) AW 6082-T651 aluminum, and c) DIN 55Si7 steel adherends.

4. Conclusions The present work aimed at numerically comparing, after validation with experiments, the performance of different adherend materials to be used in tubular joints. The CZM technique was initially validated with success, considering an identical joint geometry. Both failure modes and P m values showed a good correspondence, which provided the necessary confidence to undertake the numerical parametric study. The highest deviations to the experiments were 4.7% (AV138), 6.1% (2015), and 18.4% (7752), this last still considered acceptable for design purposes.  y and  xy stresses were compared between adherend materials, L O , and adhesive type. Both peak stresses were inversely proportional to the adherends’ stiffness, i.e., the steel joints had the lowest peak stresses, peak stresses increased with L O , and peak stresses were proportional to the adhesive’s stiffness, leading to highest peaks for the AV138. All these considerations enabled an understanding of the P m of the different joints. P m was highest for the steel joints for all evaluated L O , especially for higher L O , partially due to the adherends’ plasticization in the case of aluminum adherends. All joints were significantly affected by higher L O , but the improvement was lowest for the AV138, mostly due to its brittleness. Between adhesives, overall, the AV138 provided the highest P m , except for the joints with CFRP adherends and L O =40 mm. Thus, clear design guidelines are provided for these joints, which can be helpful to expedite their design process. References Aimmanee, S., Hongpimolmas, P., Ruangjirakit, K., 2018. Simplified analytical model for adhesive-bonded tubular joints with isotropic and composite adherends subjected to tension. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 86: 59-72 Barbosa, D. R., Campilho, R. D. S. G., Rocha, R. J. B., Ferreira, L. R. F., 2018. Experimental and numerical assessment of tensile loaded tubular adhesive joints. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233(3): 452 464 Campilho, R. D., Banea, M. D., Pinto, A. M., da Silva, L. F., De Jesus, A., 2011. Strength prediction of single-and double-lap joints by standard and extended finite element modelling. International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 31(5): 363-372 Campilho, R. D. S. G., Banea, M. D., Neto, J. A. B. P., da Silva, L. F. M., 2013. Modelling adhesive joints with cohesive zone models: effect of the cohesive law shape of the adhesive layer. International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 44: 48-56 Campilho, R. D. S. G., de Moura, M. F. S. F., Domingues, J. J. M. S., 2005. Modelling single and double-lap repairs on composite materials. Composites Science and Technology 65(13): 1948-1958 Eusebio, S., Campilho, R., 2019. Modelling of tubular adhesively-bonded joints by the Extended Finite Element Method. Procedia Manufacturing 41: 484-491 Faneco, T. M. S., Campilho, R. D. S. G., Silva, F. J. G., Lopes, R. M., 2017. Strength and fracture characterization of a novel polyurethane adhesive for the automotive industry. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 45(2): 398-407 Faria, A., Campilho, R., 2024. Parametric analysis of composite tubular adhesive joints bonded by the bi-adhesive technique. Academia Materials Science 1: 1-10 Khoramishad, H., Khakzad, M., 2018. Toughening epoxy adhesives with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The Journal of Adhesion 94(1): 15-29. Neto, J. A. B. P., Campilho, R. D. S. G., da Silva, L. F. M., 2012. Parametric study of adhesive joints with composites. International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 37(0): 96-101 Parashar, A., Mertiny, P., 2012. Adhesively bonded composite tubular joints: Review. International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 38: 58-68. Rocha, R. J. B., Campilho, R. D. S. G., 2018. Evaluation of different modelling conditions in the cohesive zone analysis of single-lap bonded joints. The Journal of Adhesion 94(7): 562-582