PSI - Issue 72

Dharmik Chauhan et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 72 (2025) 529–537

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lubricating particles is a common strategy. B 4 C contributes to improved hardness and abrasion resistance. MoS 2 being a layered solid lubricant reduce friction and wear under dry sliding condition. Many researchers have adopted pin-on-disc tribological test to assess the wear behavior of Al 6061 based composites reinforced with these materials. The high-temperature wear and friction characteristics of AA6061 reinforced with B₄C and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The study revealed that hBN significantly improved the self-lubricating properties at elevated temperatures (up to 300 °C), reducing the wear rate and coefficient of friction due to the formation of a protective tribo-film. The results emphasized the effectiveness of hybrid reinforcement under severe thermal and sliding conditions (Ayyanar et al., 2021). AA6061 hybrid surface composites reinforced with B₄C and MoS₂ using friction stir processing. Tribological tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer to evaluate wear and friction behavior. Results showed that MoS₂ enhanced self-lubrication, while B₄C improved wear resistance under dry sliding conditions (Sharma et al., 2020). Kumar, investigated the wear and self-lubricating behavior of Al alloy composites reinforced with hybrid B₄C–MoS₂ particles. Pin-on-disc tribometer tests were used, and Taguchi optimization identified optimal process parameters for minimizing wear. The hybrid reinforcement improved wear resistance and reduced friction due to the synergistic effect of hard and lubricating phases (N. Kumar et al., 2024). AA6061/TiB₂/B₄C/GNP hybrid surface composites using friction stir processing. Pin-on-disc tribometer tests were performed to assess the tribological performance of the processed surfaces. The hybrid reinforcement significantly enhanced wear resistance due to improved hardness and the lubricating effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) (Şahingöz et al., 2024). The tribological behavior of MoS₂/B₄C reinforced AZ31 Mg alloy composites under different machining conditions. Pin-on-disc tribometer tests revealed that machining significantly influenced the wear rate and friction characteristics. The presence of MoS₂ reduced friction, while B₄C contributed to enhanced wear resistance during dry sliding (Arunachalam et al., 2024). The fabricated Al6061 hybrid metal matrix composites reinforced with SiC, B₄C, and MoS₂ using stir casting. Pin-on-disc tribometer tests were conducted to evaluate the dry sliding wear performance of the composites. The combination of hard ceramic and solid lubricant reinforcements led to improved wear resistance and reduced coefficient of friction (Abebe Emiru et al., 2023). Investigated AA6061 composites reinforced with B₄C and MoS₂, processed via friction stir processing. Pin-on-disc tests were used to evaluate wear and friction behavior under dry sliding conditions. The hybrid composite showed lower wear and friction due to the combined effect of hard B₄C particles and lubricating MoS (Sharma et al., 2019) Researcher designed and optimized the wear behavior of Al7178 hybrid composites reinforced with TiO₂, B₄C, and fly ash (FA).Pin-on-disc tribometer tests were employed to study dry sliding wear under varying loads and speeds. The hybrid reinforcement improved wear resistance, and optimization identified key factors influencing tribological performance (Anusha et al., 2024). The reviewed studies collectively demonstrate that hybrid reinforcement in Al-based composites significantly enhances tribological performance under dry sliding, especially at elevated temperatures. Pin-on-disc tribometer tests consistently showed that hard ceramics like B₄C and TiO₂ improve wear resistance, while solid lubricants such as MoS₂, hBN, and GNP reduce friction. Friction stir processing and stir casting proved effective in uniformly distributing reinforcements, leading to stable tribo-film formation. MoS₂ and hBN were particularly effective in enhancing self-lubrication and reducing wear at high temperatures. Taguchi optimization helped identify the most influential wear parameters, validating the synergy of hybrid reinforcements. Overall, hybrid composites exhibit superior wear resistance and frictional stability, making them suitable for high-performance tribological applications. In this study functionally graded aluminium composite used. Aluminium alloy 6061 reinforced with boron carbide and molybdian sulphide composites casted using the stir casting machine. FGAM use for pin-on-disc tribometer with different parameter and levels. Pin heated module uses for tribometer machine and observed the wear behaviour with composites characterization. 2. Materials and Method In this section, material and experimental design and Box-Behnken design are discussed. The chemical composition of aluminum alloy 6061 has been discussed to produce FGAM. The design of Box-Behnken has been developed using response surface methodology in experimental design for pin-on-disc tribometer.