PSI - Issue 70

M. Vignesh et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 650–657

651

1. Introduction Construction industry is growing at a rapid pace both within our country and throughout the globe. Rapid urbanization and industrialization has also caused vast expansions in both construction and industrial fields (Jain, 2021). The urban populace of India is projected to increase from 377 million in 2011 to 600 million by 2031, with nearly 70% of the structures anticipated to exist in India by 2030 yet to be constructed (Faruqi & Siddiqui, 2020). Along with these activities the wastes generated with respect to these works are also increasing. The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) estimated that the construction and demolition debris produced in India reached approximately 530 million tonnes in 2013 (Construction and Demolition Waste Factsheet, 2019). Swift expansion of residential and industrial sectors, especially in emerging nations such as India, has heightened the need for construction materials, leading to the overuse of natural resources and a rise in energy consumption. The projected yearly usage of building materials in India was recorded at 750 million tonnes of sand, 242 million tonnes of limestone, 2 billion tonnes of stone (aggregate), and 350 million cubic meters of soil in 2018 (Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) and NITI Ministry, 2018). In 2014, the overall yearly requirement for sand in Karnataka was estimated at 26 MT, with projections indicating growth to 56 – 81 MT per year by 2030 (Asundi, 2016). CDW has the ability to replace marl soil in the manufacture of (Seco et al., 2018) (Paula Junior et al., 2022) unburnt bricks and stabilized earth blocks, which finds a solution for reducing natural resource utilization in brick making. CDW has residual properties, utilizing it may reduce cementitious content in unburnt brick manufacturing (Duan et al., 2020). Cement sector stands as one of the major contributors to the release of CO2, representing around 7% of the overall CO2 output within India (International Energy Agency, 2018) . Hence, the construction sector must necessitate the adoption of innovative construction techniques to address issues of carbon dioxide emission, natural resource depletion and global warming. (Jaillon & Poon, 2014). One of the measures to curb these issues is to adopt CDW and Industrial wastes in the manufacture of construction materials. More than 90% of CDW is dumped in landfills, recycling and reusing in these works helps in reduction of CDW dumping in landfills. Byproducts like WMP and WFS have reduced embodied energy and CO 2 emission. Using these materials reduces natural resource usage, energy required for brick manufacturing and carbondioxide emission relating to brick manufacturing. In this work, construction and industrial wastes like CDW, Waste foundry Sand (WFS) and Waste Marble powder (WMP) have been utilized in the manufacture of trial specimens for unburnt bricks which completely eliminates the fuel demand for firing the bricks. The feasibility of these specimens was finalized on comparison with strength parameters prescribed in code provisions and suggested for commercial usage. 2.Materials and methods 2.2. Lime Lime pertaining to Class-C which satisfies all the criteria as per ASTM C 141 and IS 712: 1984 was used for the experimental purpose. Class-c lime was used because of its ease of availability in all places within India. 2.3. Fly ash Fly ash (FC) samples satisfying their properties according to Class-C of ASTM C618 were obtained from Neyveli thermal power station. Fly ash was obtained, by burning Lignite (lowest grade coal containing least carbon content).

2.4. Construction demolition waste

Construction and demolition wastes (CDW) consisting of concrete, brick masonry and tile wastes were collected from project sites near Perungudi, Chennai and they were ground to fine size. Grinded CDW were grey in colour. CDW particles had specific gravity of 2.66, bulk density of 1502 kg/m 3 and fineness modulus of 3.66.

2.5. Waste foundry sand