PSI - Issue 70

Hariharan kannan et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 658–665

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WFS contributes to a denser microstructure in GPP blocks, making them more durable and a suitable alternative for sustainable paving solutions 5. According to the study's findings, all GPP blocks with WFS meet IS 15658-2021 requirements and are suitable for a range of paving applications. Additionally, when M-sand was substituted with 45% WFS, the performance of GPP blocks improved; this will have an impact on the paver blocks' quality and lifespan. 6. While the current study demonstrates the mechanical and durability performance of geopolymer paver blocks incorporating WFS, further research is needed to assess their long-term behavior. In particular, evaluating durability under real environmental exposure conditions and investigating potential leaching of harmful elements from WFS are essential to validate their environmental safety and long-term sustainability in practical applications. Acknowledgements We sincerely express our gratitude to [Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai for providing the necessary facilities and support to carry out this research. Ahmed, A.M.A. and Mantawy, I.M., 2025. Additive Construction of Low Embodied Carbon Concrete: Geopolymer Concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, p.112984. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 2019. Concrete Mix Proportioning - Guidelines, IS 10262:2019. BIS, New Delhi, India. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 2016. Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete, IS 383:2016. BIS, New Delhi, India. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 1999. Concrete Admixtures - Specification, IS 9103:1999. BIS, New Delhi, India. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 2021. Concrete Paving Blocks - Specification (First Revision), IS 15658:2021. BIS, New Delhi, India Elchalakani, M., Basarir, H. and Karrech, A., 2017. Green Concrete with High-Volume Fly Ash and Slag with Recycled Aggregate and Recycled Water to Build Future Sustainable Cities. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29, p.04016219. Kavitha, O.R., Shyamala, G. and Akshana, V., 2021. Study of sustainable concrete property containing waste foundry sand.Materials Today: Proceedings, 39, pp.855-860. Manoharan, T., Laksmanan, D., Mylsamy, K., Sivakumar, P. and Sircar, A., 2018. Engineering Properties of Concrete with Partial Utilization of Used Foundry Sand. Waste Management 71, 454-460. Mahmood, A.H., Foster, S.J. and Castel, A., 2021. Effects of mixing duration on engineering properties of geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 303, p.124449. Mahdi, S.N., Hossiney, N. and Abdullah, M.M.A.B., 2022. Strength and Durability Properties of Geopolymer Paver Blocks Made with Fly Ash and Brick Kiln Rice Husk Ash. Case Studies in Construction Materials 16, p.e00800. Mohamad, N., Muthusamy, K., Embong, R., Kusbiantoro, A., Hashim, M. H., 2022. Environmental Impact of Cement Production and Solutions: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings 48, 741-746. Nguyen, T.T., Goodier, C.I. and Austin, S.A., 2020. Factors affecting the slump and strength development of geopolymer concrete.Construction and Building Materials, 261, p.119945. Nuaklong, P., Jongvivatsakul, P., Pothisiri, T., Sata, V. and Chindaprasirt, P., 2020. Influence of Rice Husk Ash on Mechanical Properties and Fire Resistance of Recycled Aggregate High-Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production 252, p.119797. Pavithra, P., Reddy, M.S., Dinakar, P., Rao, B.H., Satpathy, B.K. and Mohanty, A.N., 2016. A Mix Design Procedure for Geopolymer Concrete with Fly Ash. Journal of Cleaner Production 133, 117-125. Singh, J., Singh, S. P., 2019. Development of Alkali-Activated Cementitious Material Using Copper Slag.Construction and Building Materials 211, 73-79. Tempa, K., Chettri, N., Thapa, G., Gyeltshen.,2022. An experimental study and sustainability assessment of plastic waste as a binding material for producing economical cement-less paver blocks. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 26, p.101008. References