PSI - Issue 70

Charumathi Manickam et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 564–571

568

specimen with a 25 mm fibre length and 6% fibre content exhibiting the lowest strength, by Seneviratne et.al. (2017) With a water cement rate of 0.50, reinforced concrete containing coconut fibre is added to the concrete in different proportions (0.6 and 1.2% of this volume of concrete). Concrete with the nominal compression strength and required stagnation value was attained at a ratio of 0.5. However, while adding fibre to mix low operability is observed. Consequently, superplasticizers were mixed with cement in varying amounts to create an adequate concrete mixture for operation, by Habibunnisa Syed et.al. (2020). Higher fibre content resulted in a drop in compressive strength; however, longer fibres caused an initial increase followed by a decrease. Fibres can induce a 24% rise in compressive strength. The only fibre content that is lower than PC is found in 7.5 cm long fibres with 2% or 3% fibre content. This could be the result of lengthy fibres with a relatively high fibre content creating air gaps. This could be the result of lengthy fibres with a relatively high fibre content creating air gaps, by Majid Ali et.al. (2012). An aspect ratio of about 75 was found to be ideal, as compressive strength was adversely affected by fibre addition, likely due to compaction issues that created voids. Specimens with the largest aspect ratio exhibited the lowest compressive strength, a problem further reflected by the increased air content as fibre length increased, by Yalley et.al. (2008). 6.5.2 Mechanisms of Tensile and Flexural Failure in Fibre Concrete for Drainage As the fibre content increases, the tensile split strength rises, reaching a maximum increase of 5%. However, beyond this point, further increases in fibre content led to a decrease in tensile strength. This decline occurs because tensile failures arise from the disruption of atoms and molecules within the concrete. The fibres serve as a binding agent, helping to hold these components together, by Habibunnisa Syed et.al. (2020) Coir fibre-infused concrete mixtures showed increased flexural strength; however, the flexural strength began to decline as the coir concentration was above 2%. The specimen with the lowest flexural strength, measuring 25 mm in length and 4% coir fibre was used. When 2% coir fibre was used at a 40 mm length, there was a significant 5.7% increase in flexural strength; when 2% coir fibre was used at a 25 mm length, there was a 2.8% increase, by Seneviratne et.al. (2017). 7. State of the review Through field experiments, Hendrik Rujner (2024) examined the hydrologic processes of vegetated swales as part of Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI), with a particular emphasis on how well they can manage urban stormwater by lowering runoff volumes and peaks. According to the study, swale performance is greatly impacted by the initial soil moisture level. Low moisture causes large runoff attenuation (up to 74%), while excessive moisture favors conveyance functions and results in lesser attenuation (as low as 17%). Hydraulic conductivity and soil characteristics affected performance variances; the combined stormwater control measure (SCM) showed larger runoff volume reductions than conventional grassed swales because of its design large pervious areas and efficient depression storage. Saini Manojkumar et al. (2023) has discussed design methods to enhance the resilience and efficiency of drainage systems under varying conditions, using models such as the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) and optimization techniques like genetic algorithms. Ebenezer et.al. (2023) has conducted the research to assesses the performance of pavements in three distinct categories: sublayers, rigid layers, and flexible layers, using specific testing methods tailored to each type. An environmental comparison reveals that using recycled concrete aggregates in pavement systems enhances sustainability by decreasing health risks, reducing waste production, and lessening the burden on landfill sites in contrast to traditional pavement solutions. Ismail Shah et.al. (2022) examined the static characteristics of concrete reinforced with sisal, coir and hybrid fibres. Fibre-reinforced concrete with 20 mm fibre length and 0.5% concentration increased compressive strength by 35.98%. Meanwhile, HFRC with 20 mm fibre length and 1% concentration achieved the highest improvement in split tensile strength. Mohan et al. (2021) have conducted the strength parameters tests of the Pervious concrete specimens designed with 5% and 7.5% sand ratios. Both the specimens have exhibited same compressive strength. Concluded with 7.5% sand recommendation. Sujit Ekka et.al. have enlisted design recommendations for Wales. The selection of swale type must account for local conditions, climate, and financial constraints, ensuring effective long-term functionality through thorough planning, site assessments, and ongoing maintenance. Perera et.al. (2020) has designed a drainage coverslab for a pedestrian walkway using a combined section of reinforced concrete and a layer of porous concrete. Clogging tests, three-point load test and infiltration test have been