PSI - Issue 70

R. Greesan et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 666–673

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1. Introduction HVAC systems, which are responsible for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, significantly contribute to energy use in residential and commercial buildings due to the high energy demands needed to regulate indoor temperatures. Chen, X et al. (2019) for making the comfortable building environment, huge amount of energy is consumed by construction industry. Innovative & effective researches are necessary to overcome the discrepancies like, energy scarcity, environmental pollution, high demand and greenhouse gas effects. Surabhi Chadhurvedi (2008) one of smart technology called TES (Thermal Energy Storage) for storage of energy and for the optimum usage of energy resources. This approach is the most suitable way to bridge the gap between demand and supply. Phase Change Materials are the right solution to make such effective efforts through thermal regulation for sustainable energy resources. WBCSD (2017) to progress the need of building’s thermal performance and to make PCM implementation as easy one, Encapsulation has to be followed in PCM application sectors. Aste M (2009) based on the chemical & Phase Composition, Physical characterization, the cenosphere may performed and incorporated in lightweight composites. Among the strength parameters, cenosphere of thick shell particles provide greater strength when compare to thin shell. Blanco F et al. (2000) and Gupta N et al. (2004) For achieving light weight composites, the cenosphere is incorporated in to concrete/mortar specimens. But over dosage of cenosphere may significantly reduce the strength characteristics. Wang M R et al. (2011) these are various methods on how to integrate PCM’s into construction materials & its components. Kuznik F et al. (2019) 1. Impregnation of Porous building materials 2. Macro encapsulation 3. Shape Stabilized PCM 4. Micro Encapsulation. The method of micro encapsulation is recommended for the easy & safe handling of active materials and to protect the sensitive material from their surroundings and to develop the thermal performance. Ozonur Y et al.(2006) To facilitate more application of PCM, the barriers has to be removed by encapsulating PCM into Cenosphere (a Fly Ash particle), which may leads to increase of Stiffness, Strength and Thermal Performance.Regin et al. (2008) Furthermore it is stated that, PCM embedded building envelopes may reduce the thermal exchange between the inside and outside of a building and it could results in annual energy savings 0.5x10 11 to 1.5x10 11 KWh.Kosny Jet al. (2007) In general, TiO 2 is a white colour compound which naturally exists in the crystalline forms, anatyse, rutile & brookite an found in all variants of paints, resins, plastics, inks, fibres etc. Blvd W (2002) Nano particles can manage the method of crystallization at an suitable level of hydration. Generally, fly ash leads to gradual development of strength at initial stage due its retarded pozzalanic reaction which is slower than ordinary cement. Feng, J et al. (2018) In addition, nano particles can also fill the pores in C – S-H gel, results in highly compacted structure with high stiffness. Mondal P et al. (2010) This is because of closely packed hydration products, the value of porosity may reduce and it leads to better performance in mechanical properties. As compare to the various levels, 3% of Nano TiO 2 gives much better results in both compressive& flexural strength parameters. Van Mier JG (2017) and Zhang H et al. (2019) High Performance of Nano Composites can only be achieved by systematic design, material selection, synthesis method and execution. Ultra sonication is a adaptable method to make extensive stirring of solution under ultrasonic waves to make a thorough mixing of materials to get a unified composite. Akpan EI and Friedrich K (2019) In a very short duration about few micro seconds, a large number of micro bubbles form, grow and collapse under ultra-waves are termed as Ultra Sonication. During Ultra sonication, the maintenance of temperature is below 50ºC and the power of sonication is gradually raised. And their results also showed that the ultrasonic technique is very much effective with minimum negative impact. Alireza Kaboorani et al. (2013) Based on the literatures reviewed above, the research significance is on using PCM in building sector is must for achieving energy efficient building. And also, it is required to find the optimum level instead of fixing the standard percentage levels. 2. Material Selection Paraffin is the most familiar organic phase change material to be impregnated in PCM involved projects. Here Heavy Grade of Paraffin was procured from SRL Pvt.Ltd, Mumbai and it is selected because of its chemically inert