PSI - Issue 70

Saravanakumar P. et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 533–539

538

observing the crack patterns formed, it was concluded that all the beams were went through shear failure. In particular the shear cracks appeared well before in alternate X link beam than the inclined stirrup beam and single link stirrup beam. Among all the inclined stirrup beam showed better performance than all alternative stirrups patterns. Regarding the material and cost savings, around 14% savings were obtained in application of single link stirrup whereas around 7% and 4% savings obtained for inclined and alternate X link stirrup used beams respectively.

Fig. 4. Conventional beam

Fig. 5. Inclined stirrup beam

Fig. 6. Single Link stirrup beam

Fig. 7. Alternate X link stirrup beam

8. Conclusion 1. Inclined stirrup beams demonstrated the best performance, closely resembling the control beam in both first cracking load and ultimate load capacity. 2. Single-legged stirrup beams provided moderate structural performance. Although they used less reinforcement, they showed higher deflections and slightly earlier crack formation. However, their balance of strength and material economy makes them a viable choice for cost-sensitive applications. 3. Alternate X-stirrup beams exhibited premature shear failure at a lower load, likely due to excessive spacing between lateral reinforcements. This configuration showed favorable cracking stress but lacked sufficient ultimate strength, indicating a need for design refinement or stricter spacing control. 4. From the study the overall conclusion was the inclined stirrups offer the most effective solution when both shear performance and material efficiency are considered, while single-legged stirrups present a compromise between strength and economy. The alternate X-stirrup design, in its current form, is not recommended without modifications. ACI Committee 318., 2019. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19). American Concrete Institute. Al-Shaarbaf, M., Jasim, K., Kareem, H., 2019. Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Hybrid Shear Reinforcement on RC Beams under Cyclic Loading. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 23(2), 49 – 60. Bencardino, F., Colotti, V., Spadea, G., Swamy, R. N., 2005. Shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened in flexure with bonded CFRP laminates. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 32(5), 812 – 824. https://doi.org/10.1139/l05-027 Chattopadhyay, S., Rajkumar, R., Umamaheswari, N., 2018. Analytical investigation on flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP rebars. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 1 – 8. El Gamal, S., Al-Nuaimi, A., Al-Saidy, A., Al-Shanfari, K., 2019. Flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with CFRP sheets using different strengthening techniques. The Journal of Engineering Research, 16(1), 35 – 43. Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1:2004). Design of Concrete Structures – Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. Hassan, T. K., Mantawy, A., Soliman, J., Sherif, A., Rizkalla, S. H., 2012. Bond characteristics and shear behavior of concrete beams reinforced with high-strength steel reinforcement. Journal of Structural Engineering, 15(2), 303 – 314. IS 456:2000. Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. Li, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z., 2021. Experimental study on the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams with various integrated shear reinforcements. Materials, 14(22), 6849. Li Y, Wu M, Wang W, Xue X, Hui Y, Yao H., 2021. Shear behavior of RC beams strengthened by external vertical prestressing rebar. Advances in Civil Engineering 2021:1-12. Manjusha, M., Megha Vijayani., 2018. Study on flexural behaviour of RCC beam with minimum shear reinforcement and replacing different fibers. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 59(1), 25 – 29. Mofidi, A., Chaallal, O., 2011. Shear strengthening of RC beams with externally bonded FRP composites: Effect of strip-width to strip-spacing ratio. Journal of Composites for Construction, 15(5), 732 – 742. References