PSI - Issue 70

Dharshan V et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 493–500

496

Table 1. Results obtained for beam Floor

Bending moment

Shear force

Torsion

Ground floor

436.06 kNm 471.42 kNm 380.85 kNm 419.55 kNm 417.64 kNm 336.24 kNm

437.27 kN 440.71 kN 439.49 kN 417.47 kN 414.26 kN 358.86 kN

18.11 kNm 30.28 kNm 27.41 kNm 27.36 kNm 26.26 kNm 34.04Nm

First floor

Second floor Third floor Fourth floor Terrace beam

3.3 Structural design 3.3.1 Ribbed slab design

The utilization of the ribbed slab system in hospital design plays a vital role in enhancing structural performance and promoting sustainability. By significantly reducing concrete volume, it lowers embodied carbon emissions from cement production. The voided slab system decreases the building's self-weight, which in turn reduces the load on columns and foundations, saving both materials and costs. It also allows for broader column-free spaces, improving spatial flexibility and reducing the building’s overall carbon footprint. In accordance with IS:456 (2000), a ribbed slab size of 7.0 m × 6.95 m with 1.2 m spacing in both directions was used. M25 concrete and Fe500 steel were chosen, with a combined load of 9.04 kN/m² resulting in a factored load of 16.27 kN/m per rib. The structural design considered an effective depth of 330 mm, with the moment of 25.6 kNm resisted by three 16 mm bars. Due to shear stress (τv = 0.86 N/mm²) exceeding concrete c apacity (τc = 0.48 N/mm²), shear reinforcement was added. A 100 mm topping slab with 8 mm bars spaced at 150 mm c/c was designed to handle 2.16 kNm moments, with additional torsional reinforcement provided as required. While modeling waffle slabs in conventional software presented challenges due to geometric complexity, necessary simplifications were made. Overall, ribbed slabs offer a sustainable and efficient alternative to solid slabs in reinforced concrete construction, enhancing material efficiency, reducing CO₂ emissions, and providing functional benefits in hospital infrastructure.

(a) (b) Fig.4. (a) Detailed reinforcement diagram of topping slab; (b) Detailed reinforcement diagram of topping slab

3.4 6D BIM sustainability 6D BIM integrates environmental data into the virtual model, enabling detailed analysis of energy consumption, carbon emissions, and overall environmental impact. It facilitates informed decisions regarding energy efficiency, material selection, and life cycle cost assessment (Hussain et al., 2020). Making healthcare buildings sustainable is essential for reducing energy use, minimizing pollution, and cutting long-term costs. Sustainable hospitals also promote a healthier environment for patients, staff, and the wider community. Incorporating green design, eco-friendly materials, and enhanced air quality improves operational efficiency and prepares facilities for future environmental challenges (O. Bukunova & A. Bukunov, 2021). 3.4.1 Carbon emission analysis Carbon emission analysis is a crucial cog in the establishment of green buildings and also done to determine the total greenhouse gas emissions with special emphasis on CO₂ during the whole lifespan of a building , Table2.