PSI - Issue 70

Siddharth Deswal et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 350–357

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250 kN at a displacement of 0.22 mm. Compared to axial loading, the stiffness is reduced to 1136 kN/mm due to additional bending deformation caused by the uniaxial moment. 4.1.3 Biaxial Loading Under biaxial loading, the stress distribution in the short column is more complex as shows in figure 5, with higher stress concentrations observed at the edges. The maximum stress reaches 79.95 MPa, while the minimum is 0.109 MPa. The failure modes as shows in figure 6 include material yielding, local buckling, and shear failure, which occur due to the interaction of stresses from both loading directions. The load-displacement behavior reveals a maximum load of 200 kN at a displacement of 0.22 mm, with the stiffness being 909 kN/mm, the lowest among all the loading scenarios analyzed. This reduced stiffness is attributed to the additional deformation caused by loading in two perpendicular planes. 4.2.1 Axial Loading For the long column under axial loading, the stress distribution is relatively uniform as shows in figure 7, with the maximum Von Mises stress reaching 24.15 MPa. The highest stress concentrations occur at the top and bottom ends of the column. Failure in the long column as shows in figure 8 occurs due to material yielding and column instability, with crushing taking place when compressive stresses exceed the yield strength. 4.2 Long Column analysis

Fig. 1. Stress Distribution in Axial Loading

Fig. 2. Failure Modes in Axial Loading