PSI - Issue 70

Vijaya Sundravel K et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 485–492

491

SHM-BC-02 SHM-BC-03 SHM-B1Z20 SHM-B2Z20 SHM-B3Z20

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

9.4 9.7 9.2 9.0 9.3

10.18

9.32 8.90 9.19

11.05 Note. The comparison demonstrates the reliability of analytical methods in estimating deflection, with close alignment between experimental and analytical results for most mixes. These results highlight the accuracy and reliability of the analytical methods in predicting both deflection and failure behavior for the various concrete compositions examined in the study. The close alignment between experimental and analytical data reinforces the effectiveness of these techniques in assessing structural performance. 4. Conclusions This study explored the enhancement of concrete properties usingBacillusbacteria and zeolite, focusing on mechanical strength and durability. The B2Z20 mix (0.2% Bacillus and 20% zeolite) demonstrated the most significant improvements, achieving up to 20% higher compressive strength than nominal concrete. This was attributed to calcite precipitation, which densified the microstructure and filled pores. Bacterial and bacterial-zeolite mixes also exhibited superior durability, with reduced water permeability, enhanced acid resistance, and lower chloride ion penetration. However, the study had limitations, such as controlled laboratory conditions that may not reflect real-world scenarios, and the lack of long-term performance data under varying climates and loads. Future research should optimize bacterial and zeolite concentrations for different concrete grades, assess scalability and cost effectiveness, and investigate performance under extreme conditions. Advanced techniques like machine learning could further refine predictive models for long-term behavior. In conclusion, the B2Z20 mix offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for construction and rehabilitation projects, showcasing the probable of bacterial concrete as a durable and eco-friendly substitute to conventional materials. Yuan, L., Chen, S., Wang, S., Huang, Y., Yang, Q., Liu, S., Wang, J., Du, P., Cheng, X., and Zhou, Z., 2019. Research on the Improvement of Concrete Autogenous Self-healing Based on the Regulation of Cement Particle Size Distribution (PSD), Materials, 12(17), pp.1-10. Sundravel, K. V., Ramesh, S., & Jegatheeswaran, D., 2021. Design and formulation of microbially induced self-healing concrete for building structure strength enhancement. Materials Express, 11(11), pp.1753-1765. Perelmuter, M., N., 2020.“Modeling of Crack Self -Healing Kinetics. Physical Mesomechanics, 23, pp.301-308. Park, B., and Choi, Y., C., 2019. “Prediction of Self -Healing Potential of Cementitious Materials Incorporating Crystalline Admixture by Isothermal Calorimetry. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 13(36), pp.1-14. Zhu, B., Li, Q., Chen, W., Zou W., and Chen W., 2020. A Novel Method of Self-Healing in Cementitious Materials by Using Polyacrylic Hydrogel. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 24, pp.3406-3415. Algaifi, H., A., Bakar, S., A., Alyousef, R., Sam, A., R., M., Ibrahim, M.,H., W., Shahidan, S., Ibrahim, M., and Salami, B., A., 2021. Bio-inspired self-healing of concrete cracks using new B. pseudomycoides species. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 12, pp.967-981. Feng, J., Chen, B., Sun W., and Wang, Y., 2021. Microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation study using Bacillus subtilis with application to self-healing concrete preparation and characterization. Construction and Building Materials, 280, pp.1-10. Vermeer, C., M., Rossi, E., Tamis, J., Jonkers H., M., and Kleerebezem, R., 2021. From waste to self-healing concrete: A proof-of-concept of a new application for polyhydroxyalkanoate. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 164, pp. 1-10. Su, Y., Qian, C., Rui, Y., and Feng, J., 2021. Exploring the coupled mechanism of fibers and bacteria on self-healing concrete from bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Cement and Concrete Composites, 116, pp.1-15. Sundravel, K., Vijaya, R., Jagadeesan, A., Dhanush, A., and Sanjay Kumar, A., 2025. A Review of Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions in Structural Health Monitoring Using Smart Materials. Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology , 14(1), pp.464 – 478. Zhu, X., Mignon, A., Nielsen, S., D., Zieger, S., E., Koren, K., Nico Boon and Belie, N., D., 2021. Viability determination of Bacillus sphaericus after encapsulation in hydrogel for self-healing concrete via microcalorimetry and in situ oxygen concentration measurements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 119, pp.1-15. Acknowledgements No funding support. References