PSI - Issue 70

Vijaya Sundravel K et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 485–492

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1. Introduction Civil infrastructure degradation along with structural malfunction, chemical aggression, and aging has brought a significant challenge to modern engineers. In order to sustainably solve the issues, innovative methodologies are required to enhance structural performance without augmenting weight, cost, or maintenance time. FRP, primarily CFRP, have emerged as a popular option for retrofitting and repairing concrete structures because of their Lightweight yet high-strength and durability Yuan et al. (2019). Unfortunately, sudden debonding from the concrete substrate has compromised the long-term performance of CFRP-strengthened structures. This study introduces an advanced monitoring system that utilizes FBG sensors for precise measurements the interfacial strain in real-time for the prediction of failures and thus maintain structural integrity Sundravel et al. (2021). Despite advancements, gaps remain in integrating FRP strengthening with self-healing mechanisms and monitoring interfacial strain under varying environmental conditions Perelmuter (2020). Limited research exists on using FBG sensors for real-time strain monitoring at the CFRP-concrete interface. This study bridges these gaps by integrating zeolite with microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) to improve self-healing capabilities, along with FBG sensors for strain monitoring Park and Choi (2019). The research evaluates long-term performance under elevated temperatures and marine exposure, providing insights into degradation mechanisms Zhu et al. (2020). By addressing these challenges, this study offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for new construction and structural

rehabilitation. Nomenclature FRP Fiber Reinforced Polymer MICP Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation FBG Fiber Bragg Grating

2. Experimental Methodology 2.1. Assumptions and Experimentation

This study assumes that the integration of microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) and zeolite will improve the self-healing characteristics of concrete, while FBG sensors will provide accurate real-time monitoring of interfacial strain Algaifi et al. (2021). The tests were undertaken to evaluate the mechanical, durability, and micro-structural properties of concrete under a variety of conditions such as high temperatures and marine exposure. Error bars were included in all experimental data to account for variability and ensure statistical reliability Feng et al. (2021). 2.2. Methodology The concrete samples were prepared using the Indian Standard (IS) mix design methodology. Fine and coarse aggregates, cement, water, bacterial strains, and zeolite were mixed in specific proportions Vermeer et al. (2021). Bacterial strains were cultivated cultured in a nutrient-rich broth medium and incorporated into the concrete mix. Zeolite, a natural aluminosilicate mineral, was partially substituted for cement to enhance durability Vermeer et al. (2021). FBG sensors were embedded into the concrete specimens for real-time strain and temperature monitoring. The experimental methodology followed a systematic approach, beginning with mix design as per Indian Standard 10262:2009, the specimens were carefully cast in molds of standard dimensions to ensure consistency and accuracy in testing Zhu et al. (2021). 2.3. Materials used The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions, maintained at a thermal range of 22 ± 3°C and atmospheric moisture of 65 ± 5%, ensuring consistency in the curing environment. Both static and dynamic loading conditions were applied during mechanical testing Rajasegar and Kumaar (2020). The physical characteristics of the materials utilized in the study were examined were carefully measured Lauch et al. (2021). Fine aggregate consisted