PSI - Issue 70

Anchal kaw et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 70 (2025) 161–168

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hence these must be properly anchored and secured so that building remains functional post-earthquake. A hospital building is considered to be safe when all the routes for medical facilities are open and easily accessible and the hospital building suffers least damage or no damage with no loss of lives after disasters like earthquake occur. The hospital building should remain fully functional and operational for the patients after such hazardous events. In case of commercial buildings NSEs constitute upto 80-85% of total building cost. Commercial buildings such as hotels, malls, offices etc. are highly overcrowded. Failure of NSEs in these buildings can cause loss of lives and it can also result in stampede due to limited staircase in such buildings. Recent studies reveal that cost of NSEs are quite higher than that of SEs present in the building. 2.Literature Review A method for quantifying and classifying of seismic risk of non-structural elements was developed. In this method mean annual frequency of NSEs damage state was computed and this was rated as per risk classification scheme. NSEs are very crucial in buildings as their investment cost is so high and their failure can result in financial losses ( O’Reilly and Calvi, 2020). High intensity earthquakes affect the building functionality. A comparative study was carried out which showed that the various building codes underestimate the values of actual acceleration demand acting on acceleration sensitive NSEs whereas the state-of-the-art methodology provides better results for actual acceleration demand on NSEs without performing Nonlinear time history analysis (Carofilis Gallo and Chalarca Echeverri, 2021). During L’Aquila earthquake in Italy the partition and infill walls (NSEs) of several Moment Resisting Framed Reinforced Concrete buildings were subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane failures. It also suggested improvements in building design codes to prevent the collapse and failure of NSEs during seismic events (Braga et al., 2011) Indian seismic codes such as IS 1893(Standard, 2016) do not provide considerations for seismic design of non-structural elements. A comparative study of different international codes and the lateral forces acting on NSEs was carried out (Mondal and Jain, 2005.). This study involved the use of methodology which included installation of accelerometers for monitoring the NSEs behavior during seismic event. This method involves the use of real time probabilistic assessment to prevent NSEs damage. It also involves the use of fragility curves and critical acceleration threshold and if this acceleration exceeds the threshold, it indicates a threat to building occupant safety (Rota et al., 2023).Various integrated experimental and numerical methods were used to model behavior of NSEs.These NSEs affect the stiffness and damping properties of building and can improve the behavior of building during seismic events or sometimes these can subject building to various risks. NSEs should be included in seismic design along with structural elements for efficient seismic design of buildings (Devin and Fanning, 2019). Floor response spectrum method was used to evaluate the performance of NSEs during earthquake shaking in RC buildings. A new method based on stability chart was developed to check the safety of NSEs located at upper storey of high rise building during a seismic event (Berto et al., 2020).In the year 2010-2011 several earthquakes occurred in Canterbury, New Zealand which resulted in huge loss of lives, financial losses and disruptions in buildings operations. The researchers at Canterbury University in New Zealand aimed to improve the seismic performance of NSEs to prevent damage (Dhakal et al., 2016). A Multi-storey RC frame building with stiffness irregularity such as soft story can cause collapse of SEs and NSEs.The position of soft story in buildings can affect the performance of structure during events like earthquake. Soft story at the bottom of building causes instability to a greater extent. Soft story at mid-level of buildings causes amplification in acceleration. Moreover, this study indicates that the building codes overestimates and underestimates the peak floor response demands (Pesaralanka et al., 2023). The economic losses due to failure of NSEs have increased and is relatively more than the structural damage. In this a three-step procedure was used and seismic demand was represented in terms of displacement, velocity and acceleration to predict behavior of elements during seismic events (Lam and Gad, 2002.). During an earthquake a heavy NSEs significantly affects the performance of a SEs.Displacement-sensitive NSEs slide during earthquake shaking. The response of the structure under lateral loading was studied using a numerical model called as Coulomb’s friction model. Various factors such as time period, friction coefficients influence the displacement response. Thus, the main aim of this study was that the sliding effects must be considered in the seismic design of building (Challagulla et al., 2020).NSEs such as infill walls, partitions, electrical and mechanical systems sustain heavy damage during a seismic event whereas the main structure remains undamaged in a low-damage building system. The repair cost of NSEs is very high therefore this study was done to understand the behavior of NSEs during seismic base excitation and recommend improvements in seismic design of NSEs(Bianchi and Perrone, 2020.) Different methods were used to calculate the lateral forces acting on NSEs.A comparative study of these methods was done and the results reveal that the codal design provisions underestimated the seismic demand leading to failure of NSEs.Various other methods