PSI - Issue 64

Lucas Martins Barreto et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 64 (2024) 1168–1175 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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The processing of the substantial amount of data required for creating the graphical interface is facilitated by the Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) method, which is rooted in Machine Learning. This approach enables the efficient handling of data, especially in considering the surrounding environment. 5. Case Study1 5.1. Randselva Bridge The first case study focuses on the process of constructing a digital model, which forms the basis for a Digital Twin. The Randselva bridge in Norway, is a prestressed concrete bridge spanning 634 meters and standing about 55 meters tall (VIEIRA et al., 2022). This curved bridge with elevation passes over a railroad and the Randselva River, supported by seven reinforced concrete columns. The project was built without drawings, utilizing a pragmatic approach. All structural reinforcement was modeled (Fig. 2a), enabling all rebars to be ordered directly from the BIM model, thus eliminating the need for manual bar bending schedules (Fig. 2b). Constructed by PNC Norge AS from February 2019 to August 2022, this bridge is notable for being the largest built without printed projects or portable document files (PDF), earning the TEKLA Global BIM Award (PNC NORGE AS, 2022). Górski (2015) details the design calculation memorial, using the SoFiSTiK AG software in combination with the software ANSLAG from Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). SOFIPLUS-X software enables 3D visualization of section deformations and reactions from prestressed cables during load stress calculations. Integrating this design information with complementary software allows for advanced 3D visualization and compatibility between different systems, predicting element conflict among reinforcement, prestressing cables, drainage piping, and electrical wiring (RYBUS, 2022). This software enables on-site project viewing via smartphones, providing real-time access for design collaborators and clients. This online visualization facilitated the bridge construction without printed projects. Disney et al. (2022) describe the integration between models and projects from software with the BIM methodology as the foundation for the Digital Twin. These tools are used in project design, construction, and structural health monitoring. Despite lacking sensors, this bridge's excellent digital model encompasses its construction process, dimensions, and materials with integrated characteristics.

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Fig. 2. Randselva Bridge tendons (a) and rebars (b) models. (VIEIRA et al, 2022)

5.2. Köhlbrandbrücke Bridge Located in northern Germany, in the city of Hamburg, the Köhlbrandbrücke bridge was chosen as a case study to deepen and better exemplify the applications of the Digital Twin. This is a cable-stayed bridge, built in reinforced concrete, started in 1970 and inaugurated in 1974, it has a total length of 3.6 kilometers, its longest span is 325 meters, its height is around 55 meters, and it has an average daily movement of 36,000 vehicles. It crosses the Suderelbe River connecting the west of Harbour to the east of Motorway (KHEMLANI, 2022). According to the Port of Hamburg Authority at the time of conception of its creation, such a large movement as the one observed today was never expected. Over time, the number of vehicles increased as cargo vehicles became heavier. This situation has already led the local administration to restrict the flow of freight vehicles in 2012 and in