PSI - Issue 64

Nicoletta Bianchini et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 64 (2024) 352–359 Bianchini N., Sabra Z, Green K.. Wrigth, R. Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2024) 000 – 000

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capacity because it concurs to assume realistic boundary conditions and assumptions in the numerical models based on site evidence. Coring samples were fundamental to investigate the quality of the inner materials and understand the arch barrel geometry that was reported to be more substantial than initially assumed. While analysing the flow rate for the Waverley Mill bridge, it was observed that the water level is constantly up to the crown level of the arch barrel all year, making the flooded scenario fundamental for a complete assessment. The main conclusions showcase that the flooded conditions decrease the load carrying capacity of the masonry bridge by approximately 40%, influencing the capacity more than the other variables discussed earlier. This decrease in capacity agrees with experimental studies, bringing validation to the numerical simulations. In addition, this study highlights the need of monitoring the water levels of bridges over watercourses, especially arched structures at risk of increased water levels and flow rate. The current climate crisis adds another layer of urgency to this issue. Climate change has significantly altered river flow rates in recent decades, leading to rapidly evolving flood maps across Europe. This necessitates a re-evaluation of bridge resilience in light of these changing flood patterns. For future works, discontinuity layout optimization (DLO) can be used to extend the scope of the traditional rigid block limit analysis method, enabling direct modelling of both masonry and soil elements, to identify the critical subset of discontinuities at failure which defines the geometry of the critical failure mechanism. Moreover, structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques allow the computation of performance parameters that are useful for calibrating numerical models and performing direct checks of performance goal compliance. As the Waverley bridge serves as a representative example of the numerous structures predominantly found in the Surrey region, this investigation can be extended to include bridges sharing similar material, geometry, and shapes. Acknowledgements Authors acknowledge Surrey County Council (Asset owner) for the support in providing investigation findings. Moreover, Ross Wright from AtkinsRéalis, is kindly acknowledged for sharing support in the modelling stage. References Capasso, S, B Tagliafierro, I Martínez- Estevez, JM Domínguez, and AJC Crespo. 2022. “ A DEM approach for simulating flexible beam elements with the Project Chrono core module in DualSPHysics.” Computational Part Mech. Chu, C, C Chung, T Wu, and C Wang. 2016. “Numerical Analysis of Free Surface Flow over a Submerged rectangular Bridge Deck.” J Hydraul Eng. Hamill, L. 1999. Bridge Hydraulics. London. Hasanpour, A, D Istrati, and I Buckle. 2021. Coupled sph – fem modeling of tsunami-borne large debris flow and impact on coastal structures. Huang, W, and H Xiao. 2009. “Numerical Modeling of Dynamic Wave Force Acting on Escambia Bay Bridge Deck during Hurrican .” ASCE 135: 164-175. Hulet, K, C Smith, and M Gilbert. 2006. “Load - carrying capacity of flooded masonry arch bridges.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers -. Jonkman, S. 2014. Loss of Life Due to Floods: General Overview. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Majtan, Eda, Lee Cunningham, and Benedict. Rogers. 2022. INVESTIGATION OF FLOOD FORCES ON MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES USING SPH. Moreira, V, J Fernandes, C Matos, and D Oliveira. 2016. “Reliability -based assessemtn of existing masonry arch railway bridges.” Construction and Buildings Materials 115: 544-554. Proske, D, A Krawtschuk, O Zeman, C Scheidl, and M Chiari. 2018. “Debris flow impacts on masonry arch bridges.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers . TRANSPORTATION, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND. 2004. Load and Resistance Factor Design, Bridge Design Specifications. United States.