PSI - Issue 60

Ram Niwas Singh et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 60 (2024) 411–417 RNSingh/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000 – 000

416

6

required to be undertaken for identifying the susceptibility of these materials to known or unknown forms of failure in hydrogen environment over a larger domain of hydrogen purity, temperature and pressure. Apart from this, new materials will be deployed in hydrogen economy and they need to be investigated for their susceptibility to hydrogen induced failure. Gaseous hydrogen storage in tanks or cylinders will subject the material of construction to cyclic loading due to variation in hydrogen gas pressure during filling and release. Thus, even without any insidious damage due to hydrogen the life of these tanks or cylinders could be reduced. Development of cheaper materials with ultra high specific strength and high resistance to fatigue loading is required for hydrogen storage in gaseous form. Since for hydrogen induced embrittlement, a critical hydrogen concentration is required, determination of hydrogen solid solubility is essential. The localized form of hydrogen induced embrittlement is caused by redistribution of hydrogen which requires understanding the diffusivity. For estimating the loss of hydrogen from the container estimation of the permeability through various materials is required. Thus, the materials scientists will have to play an important role by formulating a multi-pronged strategy focused on characterization of existing materials over wider range of parameters, determination of hydrogen solubility, diffusivity and permeability in various materials and development of new materials that are cheap and meet the requirement of hydrogen economy to make it viable and sustainable. 4. Recommendations Hydrogen is known to cause embrittlement in steels and in hydride forming metals, which can lead to early failure of the components used in hydrogen economy. The temperature and pressure range up to which material is used in hydrogen economy will be between 20 to 1273 K and sub-atmospheric to 140 MPa, respectively. Three approaches have to be followed: • Embrittlement of materials due to hydrogen or hydride that is already investigated but need to be extended to additional conditions encountered in hydrogen economy. • New materials (ceramics, polymers and metals and alloys) need to be investigated for HE. • Material behaviour characterization under cyclic loading due to pressurization and depressurization also need to be investigated. • Determination of hydrogen solid solubility, diffusivity and permeability in various materials. Acknowledgements Constant encouragement and invaluable support provided by Dr. A. K. Mohanty, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy & Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission, Government of India, Mr. Vivek Bhasin, Director, BARC, and Dr. R. Tewari, Associate Director, Materials Group, BARC, are acknowledged. References Abe, J. O., Popoola, A. P. I., Ajenifuja, E., Popoola, O. M., 2019. Hydrogen energy, economy and storage: Review and recommendation, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 44, pp 15072-86. Ajanovic, A., Sayer, M., Haas, R., 2022. The economics and the environmental benignity of different colors of hydrogen, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47, pp 24136-24154. Ali, N. A., Ismail, M., 2021. Modification of NaAlH 4 properties using catalysts for solid-state hydrogen storage: A review, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, pp 766-782. Alvarez, A. -M., Robertson, I. M., Birnbaum, H. K., 2004. Hydrogen embrittlement of a metastable β -titanium alloy, Acta Mater. 52 (14), pp 4161 4175. Barthelemy, Herve, 2012. Hydrogen storage - Industrial prospectives, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, pp 17364-17372. Bind, A. K., Singh R. N., 2021. Effect of hydrogen isotopes on tensile and fracture properties of Zr – 2.5Nb pressure tube material, International Journal of Fracture 227, pp 193 – 204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-020-00506-7 https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/global-temperatures Edwards, P. P., Kuznetsov, V. L. and David, W. I. F, 2007. Hydrogen energy, Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society A 365, pp 1043-1056, doi: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1965. Filippov, Sergey P. and Yaroslavtsev, Andrey B., 2021. Hydrogen energy: development prospects and materials, Russian Chemical Reviews 90, pp 627. Holladay, J. D., Hu, J., King, D. L., Wang, Y., 2009. An overview of hydrogen production technologies, Catalysis Today 139, pp 244 – 260.