PSI - Issue 56

Balichakra Mallikarjuna et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 56 (2024) 160–166 Mallikarjuna et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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PETG is one of the market's most commonly available and widely used 3D printing filaments. PETG is commonly used for bottles, food containers, the clothing industry, medical braces, electronics, and covers. The printing temperature of PETG is 200 ℃ to 260 ℃ , 260 ℃ being its melting point (Gebisa & Lemu, 2018; Kristiawan et al., 2021; Reddy et al., 2015). PETG has a tensile strength of 60 MPa to 67 MPa. PETG was chosen over PLA and ABS materials due to its proper heat resistance, durability, and also UV resistance. Along with these advantages, PETG is more flexible than ABS and PLA (B Mallikarjuna et al., 2023; Mohan et al., 2017). However, processing any material on FDM is influenced by various parameters (Derise & Zulkharnain, 2020; Thrimurthulu et al., 2004). These parameters include build orientation, air gap, layer resolution, extrusion temperature, bed temperature, raster angle, print speed and extrusion speed Mwema and Akinlabi, (2020). Özen et al., 2021 optimized the tensile specimen geometry and process parameters for FDM using PETG. They focused on slicer parameters in accordance with positional failures to put forth an effective measurement of mechanical properties. A newly developed printing path was utilized to eliminate excess travel lines, resulting in a more homogeneous structure on the macroscale and fewer premature failures. ISO 527-2 and ISO-Modified are suggested to perform better by tuning the slicing parameters. Kumar et al., 2021 studied the effects of infill density and annealing on the mechanical properties of PETG via the FDM process. The infill density was varied as 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The samples were prepared for the hardness, tensile, impact and flexural test specimens. They had an extrusion temperature of 220 ℃ and a bed temperature of 60 ℃ . The annealing in which the printed specimen was placed on a Teflon-coated baking pan, heated above 5 ℃ in accordance with glass transition temperature for 60 minutes, and then cooled at room temperature. Annealed PETG have 66, 77, 90 and 97 HRC of hardness; 38, 42, 47 and 52.4 MPa of tensile strength; 68, 74, 88 and 96 J/m2 of impact strength; 51, 59, 65 and 70 MPa of flexural strength for 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% infill density respectively. In conclusion, higher infill density showcased better mechanical properties. Heidari Rarani et al., 2022 investigated the process parameters that influence the FDM deposition of PLA parts. The process parameters were used, such as infill density (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%), printing speed (20 mm/s and 40 mm/s), and layer thickness (0.1 mm and 0.2 mm). The optimal process parameters under the experimental values are layer thickness of 0.1 mm, infill density of 80% and printing speed of 40 mm/s which has an ultimate tensile strength of 34.04 MPa. Similarly, for the S/N software results, the optimal process parameters were layer thickness of 0.2 mm, infill density of 80% and printing speed of 40 mm/s which has an Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of 34.54 MPa. M. A. Kumar et al., 2020 studied the effects on strength and hardness of FDM due to machine parameters when for carbon fibre-reinforced PETG thermoplastics. Srinivasan et al., 2020 examined the impact of infill density in the FDM process for PETG material. The specimen's tensile strength and surface roughness were studied when the infill density varied from 20% to 100% with an increment of 10%. The range of surface roughness varies from 3.82 µm - 2.87 µm and 17.38 MPa – 32.12 MPa for tensile strength when the infill density is varied from 20% to 100%, respectively. Guessasma et al., 2019 reported influence of the extrusion temperature on the printability of PETG was analysed. Similarly, various researchers have reported on process parameter optimization in FDM deposition of PETG material (Kadhum & Al-zubaidi, 2023; Sekaran et al., 2023; Srinivasan, Nirmal Kumar, et al., 2020; Teraiya et al., 2021). The literature review identified that optimization of the process parameters considering printing speed, extrusion temperature and infill density hadn't been studied concerning the spectacle frame fabrication. This work used FDM to fabricate various PETG (Bedi, Mallesha, Mahesh, Mahesh, & Ponnusami, 2023; Bedi, Mallesha, Mahesh, Mahesh, Mukunda, et al., 2023) test samples under different process conditions, including infill density, extrusion temperature, and print speed. Then printed samples were investigated to understand the effect of process conditions on mechanical properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength and impact test. Nomenclature FDM :Fused Deposition Modelling ABS :Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene PLA :Polylactic Acid PETG :Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol UTM :Universal Testing Machine UTS :Ultimate Tensile Strength