PSI - Issue 55

ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000 – 000 Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000 – 000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ ŝƌĞĐƚ Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ ŝƌĞĐƚ

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Procedia Structural Integrity 55 (2024) 64–71

© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the ESICC 2023 Organizers Abstract This study investigates the vulnerability of soapstone monuments and ancient quarries in the Parco del Paradiso, Chiavenna, to freeze-thaw cycles. It employs climate-based damage functions to assess the risk of weathering-induced damage. A crucial aspect of the assessment involves the study of the homogeneity and trends in the selected climate data sources in the area of the case study. These data sources are ground-based weather stations, and in-situ installed temperature-humidity data loggers. The findings of this contribution underscore the significance of appropriately chosen reference climatic series and validation tests in ensuring the accuracy of the climate signal to analyze freeze-thaw statistics for specific cultural heritage sites. These insights are essential not only for supporting reliable assessment of the vulnerability of these invaluable heritage sites, which have played a vital role in local architecture and trade since Roman times, and for the successive development of long-term preventive conservation and maintenance strategies. © 2024 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the ESICC 2023 Organizers Keywords: freeze-thaw cycles; geoheritage; damage functions; microclimate; soapstone Melada J. a* , Bertolin C. b , Apuani T. a , Conforta A. a , Ludwig N. c , Giudici M. a a Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “Ardito Desio”, Università degli studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milano, Italy b Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2B, 7034, Trondheim, Norway c Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli studi di Milano, via Celoria 16 , 20133 Milano, Italy Abstract This study investigates the vulnerability of soapstone monuments and ancient quarries in the Parco del Paradiso, Chiavenna, to freeze-thaw cycles. It employs climate-based damage functions to assess the risk of weathering-induced damage. A crucial aspect of the assessment involves the study of the homogeneity and trends in the selected climate data sources in the area of the case study. These data sources are ground-based weather stations, and in-situ installed temperature-humidity data loggers. The findings of this contribution underscore the significance of appropriately chosen reference climatic series and validation tests in ensuring the accuracy of the climate signal to analyze freeze-thaw statistics for specific cultural heritage sites. These insights are essential not only for supporting reliable assessment of the vulnerability of these invaluable heritage sites, which have played a vital role in local architecture and trade since Roman times, and for the successive development of long-term preventive conservation and maintenance strategies. © 2024 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the ESICC 2023 Organizers Keywords: freeze-thaw cycles; geoheritage; damage functions; microclimate; soapstone ESICC 2023 – Energy efficiency, Structural Integrity in historical and modern buildings facing Climate change and Circularity Evaluating the freeze-thaw vulnerability of soapstone monuments and geoheritage sites in the Parco del Paradiso (Chiavenna, Italy). Melada J. a* , Bertolin C. b , Apuani T. a , Conforta A. a , Ludwig N. c , Giudici M. a a Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “Ardito Desio”, Università degli studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milano, Italy b Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2B, 7034, Trondheim, Norway c Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli studi di Milano, via Celoria 16 , 20133 Milano, Italy ESICC 2023 – Energy efficiency, Structural Integrity in historical and modern buildings facing Climate change and Circularity Evaluating the freeze-thaw vulnerability of soapstone monuments and geoheritage sites in the Parco del Paradiso (Chiavenna, Italy).

* Corresponding author. Tel.:+39 3459205696;. E-mail address: jacopo.melada@unimi.it * Corresponding author. Tel.:+39 3459205696;. E-mail address: jacopo.melada@unimi.it

2452-3216 © 2024 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the ESICC 2023 Organizers 2452-3216 © 2024 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the ESICC 2023 Organizers

2452-3216 © 2024 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the ESICC 2023 Organizers 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.02.009