PSI - Issue 52

ScienceDirect Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000–000 Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Structural Integrity 52 (2024) 730–739 Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000–000

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© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of Professor Ferri Aliabadi Abstract Temperature variations have a significant impact on the propagation characteristics of guided waves, which further a ff ect the accuracy and reliability of damage detection, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the response of group velocity to temperature. This study focuses on developing a model framework to analyze the sensitivity of the group velocity to temperature variations in composite structures. The relationship between the group velocity, frequency, and thickness is first established using the SAFE model. Furthermore, the e ff ect of temperature on group velocity is investigated by obtaining temperature-dependent material properties through mechanical testing. By quantifying the sensitivity of group velocity to temperature variations, the extent of temperature influence on guided wave group velocity can be determined. It is demonstrated that the group velocity with temperature remains consistent within specific frequency and thickness ranges, specifically, f · d : 300 kHz · mm − 840 kHz · mm for A 0 mode and 0 kHz · mm − 500 kHz · mm for S 0 mode. These findings carry substantial implications for the application of temperature compensation methods regarding group velocity in composite panels of varying thicknesses to reduce the collection of temperature signals. Keywords: Structural Health Monitoring; Sensitivity Analysis; Semi-analytical Finite Element Method; Temperature Variation; Composite Structures. Fracture, Damage and Structural Health Monitoring The Sensitivity Analysis of Group Velocity to Temperature Variations in Composite Structures Feifei Ren a, ∗ , Ilias N. Giannakeas a , Ferri Alibadi a , Zahra Sharif Khodaei a a Imperial College London,London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom Abstract Temperature variations have a significant impact on the propagation characteristics of guided waves, which further a ff ect the accuracy and reliability of damage detection, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the response of group velocity to temperature. This study focuses on developing a model framework to analyze the sensitivity of the group velocity to temperature variations in composite structures. The relationship between the group velocity, frequency, and thickness is first established using the SAFE model. Furthermore, the e ff ect of temperature on group velocity is investigated by obtaining temperature-dependent material properties through mechanical testing. By quantifying the sensitivity of group velocity to temperature variations, the extent of temperature influence on guided wave group velocity can be determined. It is demonstrated that the group velocity with temperature remains consistent within specific frequency and thickness ranges, specifically, f · d : 300 kHz · mm − 840 kHz · mm for A 0 mode and 0 kHz · mm − 500 kHz · mm for S 0 mode. These findings carry substantial implications for the application of temperature compensation methods regarding group velocity in composite panels of varying thicknesses to reduce the collection of temperature signals. Keywords: Structural Health Monitoring; Sensitivity Analysis; Semi-analytical Finite Element Method; Temperature Variation; Composite Structures. Fracture, Damage and Structural Health Monitoring The Sensitivity Analysis of Group Velocity to Temperature Variations in Composite Structures Feifei Ren a, ∗ , Ilias N. Giannakeas a , Ferri Alibadi a , Zahra Sharif Khodaei a a Imperial College London,London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom Abstract Temperature variations have a significant impact on the propagation characteristics of guided waves, which further a ff ect the accuracy and reliability of damage detection, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the response of group velocity to temperature. This study focuses on developing a model framework to analyze the sensitivity of the group velocity to temperature variations in composite structures. The relationship between the group velocity, frequency, and thickness is first established using the SAFE model. Furthermore, the e ff ect of temperature on group velocity is investigated by obtaining temperature-dependent material properties through mechanical testing. By quantifying the sensitivity of group velocity to temperature variations, the extent of temperature influence on guided wave group velocity can be determined. It is demonstrated that the group velocity with temperature remains consistent within specific frequency and thickness ranges, specifically, f · d : 300 kHz · mm − 840 kHz · mm for A 0 mode and 0 kHz · mm − 500 kHz · mm for S 0 mode. These findings carry substantial implications for the application of temperature compensation methods regarding group velocity in composite panels of varying thicknesses to reduce the collection of temperature signals. Keywords: Structural Health Monitoring; Sensitivity Analysis; Semi-analytical Finite Element Method; Temperature Variation; Composite Structures. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a remote non-destructive inspection (NDI) technique that enables instanta neous maintenance request when the system’s health fall below a predefined level of confidence. The advent of SHM technologies o ff ers the opportunity to transition from the traditional schedule-based NDI to a conditioned-based phi losophy, using real-time in situ structural integrity assessments Gobbato et al. (2016). This makes SHM an appealing proposition for airlines and aircraft manufacturers. The concept of SHM is to continuously monitor the state of a structure with permanently installed sensors and allow for condition-based maintenance where maintenance action is carried out only when a threat to the structures’ integrity is detected Aliabadi and Khodaei (2017). Among the several SHM techniques, guided wave-based SHM (GWSHM) has been widely studied for damage de tection in composite structures Pandey et al. (2022); De Luca et al. (2020); Sharif Khodaei and Ferri Aliabadi (2018). In the field of GWSHM, patch transducers such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic patches are used Fracture, Damage and Structural Health Monitoring Feifei Ren a, ∗ , Ilias N. Giannakeas a , Ferri Alibadi a , Zahra Sharif Khodaei a a Imperial College London,London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom Abstract Temperature variations have a significant impact on the propagation characteristics of guided waves, which further a ff ect the accuracy and reliability of damage detection, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the response of group velocity to temperature. This study focuses on developing a model framework to analyze the sensitivity of the group velocity to temperature variations in composite structures. The relationship between the group velocity, frequency, and thickness is first established using the SAFE model. Furthermore, the e ff ect of temperature on group velocity is investigated by obtaining temperature-dependent material properties through mechanical testing. By quantifying the sensitivity of group velocity to temperature variations, the extent of temperature influence on guided wave group velocity can be determined. It is demonstrated that the group velocity with temperature remains consistent within specific frequency and thickness ranges, specifically, f · d : 300 kHz · − 840 kHz · for A 0 mode and 0 kHz · − 500 kHz · mm for S 0 mode. These findings carry substantial implications for the application of temperature compensation methods regarding group velocity in composite panels of varying thicknesses to reduce the collection of temperature signals. Keywords: Structural Health Monitoring; Sensitivity Analysis; Semi-analytical Finite Element Method; Temperature Variation; Composite Structures. 1. Introduction Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a remote non-destructive inspection (NDI) technique that enables instanta neous maintenance request when the system’s health fall below a predefined level of confidence. The advent of SHM technologies o ff ers the opportunity to transition from the traditional schedule-based NDI to a conditioned-based phi losophy, using real-time in situ structural integrity assessments Gobbato et al. (2016). This makes SHM an appealing proposition for airlines and aircraft manufacturers. The concept of SHM is to continuously monitor the state of a structure with permanently installed sensors and allow for condition-based maintenance where maintenance action is carried out only when a threat to the structures’ integrity is detected Aliabadi and Khodaei (2017). Among the several SHM techniques, guided wave-based SHM (GWSHM) has been widely studied for damage de tection in composite structures Pandey et al. (2022); De Luca et al. (2020); Sharif Khodaei and Ferri Aliabadi (2018). In the field of GWSHM, patch transducers such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic patches are used Fracture, Damage and Structural Health Monitoring The Sensitivity Analysis of Group Velocity to Temperature Variations in Composite Structures Feifei Ren a, ∗ , Ilias N. Giannakeas a , Ferri Alibadi a , Zahra Sharif Khodaei a a Imperial College London,London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom 1. Introduction 1. Introduction Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a remote non-destructive inspection (NDI) technique that enables instanta neous maintenance request when the system’s health fall below a predefined level of confidence. The advent of SHM technologies o ff ers the opportunity to transition from the traditional schedule-based NDI to a conditioned-based phi losophy, using real-time in situ structural integrity assessments Gobbato et al. (2016). This makes SHM an appealing proposition for airlines and aircraft manufacturers. The concept of SHM is to continuously monitor the state of a structure with permanently installed sensors and allow for condition-based maintenance where maintenance action is carried out only when a threat to the structures’ integrity is detected Aliabadi and Khodaei (2017). Among the several SHM techniques, guided wave-based SHM (GWSHM) has been widely studied for damage de tection in composite structures Pandey et al. (2022); De Luca et al. (2020); Sharif Khodaei and Ferri Aliabadi (2018). In the field of GWSHM, patch transducers such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic patches are used 1. Introduction Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a remote non-destructive inspection (NDI) technique that enables instanta neous maintenance request when the system’s health fall below a predefined level of confidence. The advent of SHM technologies o ff ers the opportunity to transition from the traditional schedule-based NDI to a conditioned-based phi losophy, using real-time in situ structural integrity assessments Gobbato et al. (2016). This makes SHM an appealing proposition for airlines and aircraft manufacturers. The concept of SHM is to continuously monitor the state of a structure with permanently installed sensors and allow for condition-based maintenance where maintenance action is carried out only when a threat to the structures’ integrity is detected Aliabadi and Khodaei (2017). Among the several SHM techniques, guided wave-based SHM (GWSHM) has been widely studied for damage de tection in composite structures Pandey et al. (2022); De Luca et al. (2020); Sharif Khodaei and Ferri Aliabadi (2018). In the field of GWSHM, patch transducers such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic patches are used ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: + 4407745242529. E-mail address: f.ren19@imperial.ac.uk ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: + 4407745242529. E-mail address: f.ren19@imperial.ac.uk ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: + 4407745242529. E-mail address: f.ren19@imperial.ac.uk Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000–000 www.elsevier.com / locate / procedia

2452-3216 © 2023 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of Professor Ferri Aliabadi 10.1016/j.prostr.2023.12.073 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of Professor Ferri Aliabadi. ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: + 4407745242529. E-mail address: f.ren19@imperial.ac.uk 2210-7843 © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of Professor Ferri Aliabadi. 2210-7843 © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of Professor Ferri Aliabadi. 2210-7843 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of Professor Ferri Aliabadi. 2210-7843