PSI - Issue 52

Dong Xiao et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 52 (2024) 667–678

677 11

Dong Xiao et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000–000

Fig. 10: Impact duration convergence

Fig. 11: Impact peak force convergence

Taking into consideration the convergence of impact locations shown in Figure 9, it can be concluded that the initial 40 impact simulations primarily explore the impact location, impact frequencies, and peak force spaces. From the 40th to the 60th impact, the impact identification process achieves convergence in terms of impact location, impact duration, and impact peak force. Beyond 60 impacts, the focus shifts to fine-tuning the design variables. Figure 12 illustrates the results of impact force history identification. It can be observed that after 40 impact simulations, the identified impact force histories are already close to the actual force. However, during this iteration, the identified impact locations have an average error of 6 mm for the four impacts. It is evident that from the 40th impact simulation onwards, the impact identification process gradually convergess in terms of impact location, impact duration, and impact peak force. Furthermore, after running 60 impact simulations, the impact identification process has nearly converged. The identified impact force histories for all four impacts closely resemble the actual force history, indicating the successful application of model-based methods with surrogate-assisted e ffi cient global optimisation in accurately identifying impact force histories. This achievement leads to an accurate force representation of the actual impact events.

(a) 40 impact simulations

(b) 60 impact simulations

Fig. 12: Impact force history identification