PSI - Issue 38

B. Depale et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 38 (2022) 317–330 "B. Depale-M. Bennebach" / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2021) 000 – 000

329 13

methodology, the decision is mainly based on criteria linked to the mechanical strength and on the results of the special evaluation. However, among the various parameters supporting the decision of the expert engineer or team in charge of the evaluation of the residual life, the influence of further economic or environmental parameters has been progressively increasing for many years. We know that steel is 100 % recyclable, recycling steel saves approximately 50 % of the energy and carbon over making new steel and steel reuse is important in the global strategy for the efficient use of materials. According to Dunant (2018), partial steel reuse and extension of life of structures is cos-effective because considerably less steel is required, even when reinforcements are added. One of the technical barriers to reuse is the lack of detailed knowledge of the product’s properties and in-use history which may be important if the component has been subject to fatigue loading. Steel Construction Institute has published a protocol (SCI P427) providing recommendations for data collection, inspection and testing to ensure that reclaimed structural steel work can be reused with confidence. In the same period, in the USA, the NHCRP Project 12- 43, “Life - Cycle Cost Analysis for Bridges” has resulted in reports which can be used by professionals to undertake life-cycle costing analysis for bridges. It is useful for those engaged in life-cycle cost analysis either for the repair of existing structures or for the evaluation of new bridge alternatives. 8 Conclusion The evaluation of the residual life of structures and equipment has been progressively dealt with an increasing number of references. But those documents are still limited compared to the size and complexity of the problem. All the existing methods are based on several steps that have to be conducted in sequence. A good evaluation of residual life requires at least a combination of expertise in inspection, NDT, engineering analysis often including Finite Element Analysis and a good familiarity with fatigue calculations. The techniques of fracture mechanics are required more and more, and knowledge of applied reliability is another plus. CETIM has progressively developed its own methodology of assessment of existing equipment/structures and this has been briefly described, together with its application to loading bridges of Calais harbour. The environmental benefit of extension of life of equipment is more and more taken into account. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge and thank all industrials members from the “Mobile Machinery Program Committee” of CETIM, for their support and active participation in the project, as well as Mr. Nevsimal and Dr. Ficenec for their valuable contribution. References Iswandi Imran, Dradjat Hoedajanto, Iwan Zarkasi, Bridges in Indonesia, Present and future, International Forum, JSCE Century Anniversary, Tokyo, 2014 Dinh Tuan Hai, Current status of existing railway bridges in Vietnam: An overview of steel deficiencies, Journal of Constructional Steel research, 2006 Maha M. Hassan, Sherif A. Elsawaf, Hussein H. Abbas, Existing metallic bridges in Egypt: current conditions and problems, J Civil Struct Health Monit, 2017 Y. Chen, Y. Sun, Study of residual life prediction and maintenance decision-making of portal crane, Technology and Innovation Conference 2009 (ITIC 2009), International Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-9: Fatigue; EN 1993-1-9, 2005 Assessment of existing steel structures: recommendations for estimation of remaining fatigue life – background documents in support to the implementation, harmonization and further development of the Eurocodes, joint report, EUR 23252 EN - 2008

FEM 1.001:1998, Rules for the design of hoisting appliances (3rd edition) DIN 15018-1:1984, Cranes — Principles for steel structures, stress analysis

EN 13001-3-1, Cranes — General Design — Part 3-1: Limit States and proof competence of steel structures Recommandations applicables aux appareils de levage "anciens" dans les ports, Guide Technique, CETMEF, 2003 ISO 9927-1, Cranes - Inspections - Part 1: general ISO 12482, Cranes — Monitoring for crane design working period