PSI - Issue 37

Elizabeth K. Ervin et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 37 (2022) 6–16 Ervin and Zeng / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2021) 000 – 000

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of damage indices (DIs). Both published and new modal property-based DIs are employed, and two methods are developed to generate combined indices using three-dimensional data. Multiple criteria are used to evaluate this novel metho dology’s performance both quantitatively and qualitatively. Based upon frequency information alone, this work improves the robustness and applicability of damage detection by generating one visual output plot. A steel frame model is employed and damage is induced by reduction of Y oung’s modulus in one beam. The damaged member is successfully identified in the first (a 60% E reduction showing a 94%change), second and third rounds of the GA optimization process, and the most effective DI is Z-score resultant strain energy Z γj R. Effects of damage severity on performance include decreasing matching modes as severity increases. Detection thresholds are found as a variation of 36% between the undamaged and damaged nodes and an average fitness value of 2.3%. Here, the limit of undetectable damage level was an E reduction of 0.001%. References ABAQUS, Inc. (2013) Abaqus version 6.12 documentation, Dassault Systemes SIMULIA, Providence, RI. Baghiee, N., Esfahani, M. R., Moslem, K., 2009 . Studies on damage and FRP strengthening of reinforced concrete beamsby vibration monitoring, Engineering Structures 31 (4), 875 – 893. Chandrashekhar, M., Ganguli, R., 2009. Damage assessment of structures with uncertainty by using mode-shape curvatures and fuzzy logic, Journal of Sound and Vibration 326 (3), 939 – 957. Chou, J.-H., Ghaboussi, J., 2001. Genetic algorithm in structural damage detection, Computer Structures 79 (14), 1335 – 1353. Cornwell, P., Doebling, S., Farrar, C., 1999. Application of the strain energydamage detection method to plate-like structures, Journal of Sound and Vibration 224 (2), 359 – 374. Farrar, C. R., Worden, K., 2012. Structural Health Monitoring: A Machine Learning Perspective, 1st Edition, Wiley. Lieven, N. A. J., Ewins, D. J., 1 9 8 8 . Spatial correlation of mode shapes: the coordinate modal assurance criterion (comac), Proceedings of the 6th International Modal Analysis Conference, Orlando, FL. MATLAB, Natick, MA, Global Optimization Toolbox Version 4.0 (2018). Moragaspitiya, H. P., Thambiratnam, D. P., Perera, N. J., Chan, T. H., 2013. Development of a vibration based method to update axial shortening of vertical load bearing elements in reinforced concrete buildings, Engineering Structures 46, 49 – 61. Ndambi, J.-M., Vantomme, J., Harri, K., 2002. Damage assessment in reinforced concrete beams using eigenfrequencies and mode shape derivatives, Engineering Structures 24 (4), 501 – 515. Oskoui, E. A., Taylor, T., Ansari, F., 2019. Method and monitoring approach for distributed detection of damage in multi-span continuous bridges, Engineering Structures 189, 385 – 395. Pandey A.K., Biswas M., Samman M. M., 1991. Damage detection from changes in curvature mode shapes, Journal of Sound and Vibration 145, 321-332. Perera, R. Torres, R., 2006. Structural damage detection via modal data with genetic algorithms, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering 132 (9), 1491 – 1501. Rao, M., Srinivas, J., Murthy, B., 2004. Damage detection in vibrating bodies using genetic algorithms, Computer Structures 82 (11) , 963 – 968. Sun, Z. G., Ko, J. M., Ni, Y.-Q., 2001. Modal indices for identifying damage location in cable-stayed Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Proc. SPIE 4337: Health Monitoring and Management of Civil Infrastructure Systems, Newport Beach, CA. Talebinejad, I . , Fischer, C., Ansari, F., 2011. Numerical evaluation of vibration-based methods for damage assessment of cable-stayed bridges, Computer Aided Civil Infrastructure Engineering 26 (3), 239 – 251. Worley, S. B., Ervin, E. K., 2017. Health study of reinforced concrete test bridge with pier damage, ACI Structural Journal 114 (4), 959 – 967.