PSI - Issue 37

Reza Soleimanpour et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 37 (2022) 956–963 8 Reza Soleimanpour, Sayed Mohamad Soleimani and Naser Khaled Mohammad / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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from the Table 2, the estimated location is in good agreement with true location of the bolt for all cases. Therefore, the localisation approach used in this study has successfully detected and located the loose bolted joint in bolted joints. Similar approach was used for localisation of loose bolt in other damage cases. Table 2 shows the results of data captured at receiver. 4 Conclusion In this study, a baseline-free method has been proposed to detect and locate the imperfect bolted joints using the SHG due to clapping of defect interfaces which generates CAN. An efficient signal processing approach was proposed and used in order to process the data in time domain, frequency domain and time-frequency domain. The time domain data indicates that the interaction of guided waves with defect interfaces generate wave distortions. A high pass filter was used to filter unwanted frequency components in order to extract the nonlinear guided waves data from captured data. The Hilbert transform was used to accurately calculate the arrival time for linear and nonlinear guided waves. A series of numerical case studies have been also carried out for different bolt sizes. Overall the results show that the proposed method is able to accurately and efficiently detect and locate the imperfect bolted joints without using the baseline data. This study focuses on strip of double bolted with one loosened bolt. But in the practical condition the structure component can contain a group of bolts with more than one loosened bolt. Future studies can be carried out on full-scale structural components and bolted joint within a group of bolted connections. This will further justify the feasibility of using the SHG in detecting and distinguishing the bolt loosening with and without fatigue cracks in The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: R Soleimanpour would like to acknowledge the support by Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, CR20-13EV-01, PR-19-15EC-09 and ACK internal fund, RC 2018-19-SOE-CE-PR04. References Caccese V, Mewer R and Vel SS. Detection of bolt load loss in hybrid composite/metal bolted connections. Eng Struct 2004; 26: 895–906. Soleimanpour R, Ng CT. Locating delaminations in laminated composite beams using nonlinear guided waves”. Engineering Structures 2017; 131: 207-219. Soleimanpour R, Ng C-T. Scattering analysis of nonlinear Lamb waves at delaminations in composite laminates. Journal of Vibration and Control. February 2021. doi:10.1177/1077546321990145. Soleimanpour R, Ng CT. Wang C. Higher harmonic generation of guided waves at delaminations in laminated composite beams. Struct Health Monitoring 2017; 16(4): 400-417. Soleimanpour R., Ng A., Amini A., Ziabari S.M.S. (2021) Application of Nonlinear Guided Waves for Detecting Loose Flanged Bolted Joints in Pipelines. In: Rizzo P., Milazzo A. (eds) European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring. EWSHM 2020. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 127. Springer, Cham. Soleimanpour, R., Ng, CT. Scattering of the fundamental anti-symmetric Lamb wave at through-thickness notches in isotropic plates. J Civil Struct Health Monit 6, 447–459 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-016-0166-7 Soleimanpour, Reza, & Ng, Ching-Tai. (2015). Mode conversion and scattering analysis of guided waves at delaminations in laminatedcomposite beams. Structural Monitoring and Maintenance, 2(3), 213–236.. Solodv IY, Krohn N, Busse G. CAN: an example of nonclassical acoustic nonlinearity in solids. Ultrasonics 2002;40:621–625. Wang Y, Zhu X, Hao H and Ou J (2009) Guided wave propagation and spectral element method for debonding damage assessment in RC structures. Journal of Sound and Vibration 324(3-5): 751-772. practical situation. Acknowledgement