PSI - Issue 36

Ye. Kryzhanivskyy et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 36 (2022) 370–377 Ye. I. Kryzhanivskyy et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2021) 000 – 000

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For a long time, the artificial maintenance of low fossil fuel costs in Ukraine has led to investments in energy efficiency or environmental modernization of production being flaunted. Despite the current national policy aimed at the gradual introduction of world market prices for basic energy sources material for all categories of their consumers, many companies still consume the same amount of energy as before. For that reason, huge industrial enterprises – large metallurgical plants, cement plants, and thermal power plants – are among the leaders in CO 2 emissions. Cement production cannot simply be “cleansed” through the use of renewable energy or efficiency improvements, as most CO 2 emissions from the cement industry are not related to energy generation but directly to limestone cement production, i.e. through chemical reactions. This means that significant decarbonization of the cement production process can only be achieved today through the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. CCS technology is expected to be available for the complete modernization of existing plants from 2026. According to the plan, by 2030 more than 10% of European cement production will be equipped with CCS systems (Koornneef et al. (2012) and Steeneveldt et al. (2006)). In the Ivano-Frankivsk and Lviv region of Ukraine, there are now powerful enterprises that emit a significant amount of CO 2 – these are Burshtyn thermal power plant, Dobrotvir thermal power plant, Mykolayiv Cement Plant, PJSC "Ivano-Frankivskcement" and others (Lialiuk-Viter et al. (2020)). Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by regional enterprises can be achieved through the use of CCS technologies. To transport the captured CO 2 , storage and transfer for sale as raw materials, it is proposed to create a regional joint landfill following the example of the Government of Norway (Ringose, 2018). As the main element of the joint regional landfill it is proposed to use part of the gas transportation system (GTS) of Ukraine, which until recently played an important role in the gas market of Eurasia, namely the transportation of Russian gas to Western Europe. The estimated transition capacity of the GTS, taking into account the uneven gas consumption and hydraulic efficiency, constitutes 152 billion m 3 per year. Although the highest production rate of the GTS (92.8% of its maximum) was reached in 1998 (Fig. 1), since 2007 there has been appearing a gradual decline in the capacity with an extreme minimum of 40.9% in 2014, and 36.7% in 2020 (GTS Operator, 2021).

Fig. 1. Trends of transit of natural gas across the territory of Ukraine.

Nowadays, this trend keeps being present that leads to insufficient loading of the Ukrainian GTS to keep its operation to be economically assessed. However, it is necessary to take into account the significant service life of the network of main gas pipelines of Ukraine and the associated changes in physical and mechanical characteristics (Kryzhanivskyy et al. (2019), Maruschak et al. (2014), Nykyforchyn et al. (2019, 2021), Okipnyi et al. (2020), Poberezhny et al. (2017, 2019a), Yavorskyi et al. (2016), Zvirko et al. (2019, 2021)). Another problem is to ensure the proper level of corrosion protection, as long-term operated pipeline steels are more sensitive to local corrosion