PSI - Issue 36

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Procedia Structural Integrity 36 (2022) 1–2

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors Keywords: preface, damage, prediction, diagnostics The theoretical and experimental studies of damage accumulation processes, crack initiation and propagation, diagnostics of damages to ensure the strength and reliability of structural elements are of high importance for practical application, as well as for fundamental science. The studies of the damage accumulation in metals involve both the development of the foundations to describe this phenomenon and methods for assessing the strength and life of structural elements taking into account a number of design and operational factors. To analyze the obtained advanced results in this field of science, the European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS) regularly organizes and supports the international scientific conferences on the European, regional and national level. At these conferences, the recent approaches and ideas on the problems of the strength of materials and critical industrial objects are discussed, analyzed and synthesized. The 1 st Virtual International Conference “In -service Damage of Materials: Di agnostics and Prediction” (VDMDP1 2021), which is organized under the ESIS auspices, has a long history. Previous conferences of this series were also held in Ternopil in 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019 years. Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukrainian Society on e thors. lis e I . . is is a e access article er t e - - lice se ( tt s://creati ec s. r /lice ses/ - c-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibilit f t e c fere ce est it rs ey ords: preface, da age, prediction, diagnostics t r ti l ri t l st i s f l ti r ss s, r i iti ti r ti , i sti s f s t s r t str t r li ilit f str t r l l ts r f i i rt f r r ti l li ti , s ll s f r f t l s i . st i s f t l ti i t ls i l t t l t f t f ti s t s ri t is t s f r ss ssi t str t lif f str t r l l ts t i i t t r f si r ti l f t rs. l t t i r s lts i t is fi l f s i , t r tr t r l I t rit i t ( I ) r l rl r i s s rts t i t r ti l s i tifi f r s t r , r i l ti l l l. t t s f r s, t r t r s i s t r l s f t str t f t ri ls riti l i stri l j ts r is ss , l s t si . st irt l I t r ti l f r I -s r i f t ri ls: i sti s r i ti ( ), i is r i r t I s i s, s l ist r . r i s f r s f t is s ri s r ls l i r il i , , , , , rs. r il I l j ti l i l i rsit , r si - i l I stit t f t ti l f i s f r i , r i i i t 1st Virtual International Conference “In service Damage of Materials: Diagnostics and Prediction” VDMDP1 2021, 11 – 13 October, Ternopil, Ukraine Preface – In service Damage of Materials: Diagnostics and Prediction Petro Yasniy a , Hryhoriy Nykyforchyn b *, Volodymyr Iasniy a , Olha Zvirko b a Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Faculty Of Computer Information Systems And Software Engineering, 56 Ruska St., Ternopil 46011, Ukraine b Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Naukova St., Lviv 79060, Ukraine t irt l I t r ti l f r I r i f t ri l : i ti r i ti , t r, r il, r i t i a , i b , l i a , l i b a ernopil Ivan uluj ational echnical niversity, aculty f o puter Infor ation Syste s nd Soft are ngineering, 56 uska St., ernopil 46011, kraine b arpenko hysico- echanical Institute of the ational cade y of Sciences of kraine, 5 aukova St., viv 79060, kraine

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +38-032-263-2133. E-mail address : nykyfor@ipm.lviv.ua * orresponding author. el.: 38-032-263-2133. - ail address : nykyfor ip .lviv.ua

2452-3216 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors 2452-3216 2022 he uthors. ublished by I . . his is an open access article under the - - license (https://creativeco ons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) eer-revie under responsibility of the conference uest ditors

2452-3216 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors 10.1016/j.prostr.2021.12.074

Petro Yasniy et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 36 (2022) 1–2 Petro Yasniy, Hryhoriy Nykyforchyn , Volodymyr Iasniy, Olha Zvirko / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2021) 000 – 000

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Fracture Mechanics (USFM) and G.S. Pisarenko Institute for Problems of Strength the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine were the main organizers of these conferences. The VDMDP1 2021 was held online for the first time due to pandemics. The sessions were organized via the video conferences platform. The USFM presents Ukraine n the ESIS via Ukrainian National Group which participates actively also in the ESIS Technical Committees: TC10 Environmentally Assisted Cracking and TC13 Education and Training. The VDMDP1 2021 brought together leading scientists, researchers and research scholars to share their experience, research results and scientific ideas regarding key areas of fracture and damage mechanics, structural integrity assessment and maintenance. It has become an interactive platform for discussion of recent advances, trends and practical challenges in the field of fracture mechanics and structural integrity. Seventy seven (77) contributions from Spain, Poland, Germany, France, India, Iran and Ukraine attended the VDMDP1 2021 Conference. Contributions were accepted covering the following topics of the Conference: • Localized and nonlocalized damage of materials • Metallography and fractography • Crack initiation and propagation • Lifetime calculations of mechanical components • Strength and reliability of components Also, in the frames of conference two mini-symposia were organized, namely Hydrogen Degradation, and Technogenic and Environmental Risks in the Energy Sector: Estimation, Forecasting, Prevention. This special issue contains the full- text conference’s papers accepted for publishing after the peer-review. The efforts of the authors and of the colleagues that volunteered for the review process are kindly acknowledged. We hope that this issue will be interesting for scientists and researchers in the field of the fracture mechanics, materials science and structural integrity as well for the lecturers of high schools, and post-graduate students of the corresponding specialties. We also hope that it will be useful for experts and engineers in the industrial sectors, such as the energy generation, machinery, transport, chemical industry, civil engineering, etc. As the Guest Editors of this Conference Proceedings, we wish to thank all authors for their contributions. Guest Editors of the Procedia Structural Integrity VDMDP1 2021 Conference Proceedings: Petro Yasniy, Hryhoriy Nykyforchyn, Volodymyr Iasnii, Olha Zvirko • Damage prediction • Damage diagnostics

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Procedia Structural Integrity 36 (2022) 59–65

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors Abstract The authors have considered the current situation with determining the mechanical characteristics of metals from the results of hardness measurements. The particular features of hardness measurement regarding harmonization of national standards with international standards are specified. Moreover, there is a need for a comparative analysis of existing regulatory documents for determining the characteristics from the hardness measurement results to improve their accuracy. Particular attention is paid to the reliability and accuracy of hardness measurements considering the international practice and many years of the accumulated experience. The validity of the use of some measuring devices requires an additional investigation. The main trends in the development of the determination of mechanical characteristics using the method of instrumented indentation are analyzed. The necessity of comparative analysis of existing determination methods of mechanical characteristics from the indentation results is indicated. It is required to develop a normative document, which regulates the application of instrumented indentation to current control for the materials of Ukrainian NPP main equipment. © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors Keywords: mechanical properties; yield strength; tensile strength; Brinell hardness; instrumented indentation test; steel. e This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-N 1st Virtual International Conference “In service Damage of Materials: Diagnostics and Prediction” Analysis of the methods for determination of strength characteristics of NPP main equipment metal from the results of hardness and indentation measurements V. V. Kharchenko, O. A. Katok, R. V. Kravchuk*, A. V. Sereda, V. P. Shvets G. S. Pisarenko Institute for Problems of Strength of the NAS of Ukraine, 2 Timiryazevs’ka, Kyiv 01014, Ukraine

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +380442866857. E-mail address: kravchuk.r@ipp.kiev.ua

2452-3216 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors

2452-3216 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors 10.1016/j.prostr.2022.01.003

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1. Introduction One of the key components of monitoring the current state of critical equipment materials during their service life is the determination of mechanical properties, in particular, strength properties. The use of standard destructive methods, in particular, uniaxial tensile tests, requires cutting out of material sample for the manufacture of specimens. In the case of the structures of working equipment this leads to a violation of the integrity and the need for further repairs. Therefore, indirect methods are developed to determine the mechanical properties, as well as to minimize the required volume of material for the specimens. These methods include hardness measurements and the instrumented indentation method. 2. Brinell hardness measurements At the moment, there is no national normative document for determining mechanical properties from the results of hardness measurements in Ukraine. There are only industry-specific regulatory documents, in particular, these are TPKM-10-01 (2001) and SOU-N NAEK 133 (2016) based on the Russian documents such as RD EO 0027 (2005), which have been replaced with the instruction I 1.2.1.02.019.1121 (2016). Due to the harmonization of national standards with European and international standards, DSTU EN ISO 6506-1 (2019) developed using the international standard, is the only document currently regulating the hardness measurement. According to this standard, the hardness is determined using only tungsten carbide balls, while all the correlations in the documents TPKM-10-01 (2001) and SOU-N NAEK 133 (2016) are developed using steel balls. In addition, this standard imposes more stringent requirements for the verification of hardness testers, in particular, in terms of accuracy and repeatability. The repeatability is determined only by the imprint diameter. Therefore, it is impossible to verify and use in practice devices with the measurement principle different from the Brinell method. This indicates the necessity to improve the methods for determining the mechanical properties using hardness, as well as to develop the regulations for the use of portable hardness testers. The analysis of mechanical properties determination based on the Brinell hardness performed by Kravchuk (2020) shows that the main attention is focused on the improvement of the correlations. At the same time, the intrinsic accuracy of the hardness measurement is important. As can be seen from Fig. 1, the error and repeatability of hardness values using portable hardness testers are significantly worse as compared with the stationary (TSh-2) ones.

Fig. 1. Dependence of error E rel on the repeatability r rel of the results of twenty Brinell hardness measurements of the reference block with a hardness of 182 HBW.

The Ukrainian standard imposes the requirements for hardness testing instruments in compliance with DSTU EN ISO 6506-2 (2019). It is used only for stationary and portable devices of static action based on the Brinell method.

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The use of hardness testers with another method of determination, which allows one to perform testing in an express mode due to the mobility and versatility, however, is accompanied by a sharp decrease in repeatability and inaccuracy in the hardness measurement and, consequently, the error of determination of mechanical characteristics. Unfortunately, in Ukraine, there are no standards such as ASTM A956-02, ASTM A1038-10, ISO 14577-1, which could be used for portable instruments based on other operation modes (dynamic, ultrasonic, impedance type). 3. Instrumented indentation The instrumented indentation method is more accurate and informative. Recently, it has been widely used in determining a variety of mechanical characteristics. In determining Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, strengthening index, yield and strength limits, relative elongations, as demonstrated by Huber and Tsakmakis (1998), Jiang et al. (2009), Beghini et al. (2011), Nagaraju et al. (2017), Bolzon (2018), Peng et al. (2018), Kravchuk (2019), Katok (2020), one typically uses the single-cycle and multi-cycle indentation of the material surface under stress loading at a constant indenter displacement rate. In the creep determination, as shown by Arai (2017) and Lu et al. (2019), the identification of the specimen floor with a constant load within a time interval is performed. The instrumented indentation method is also used to investigate the aging processes by Mathew et al. (1999) and Das et al. (2010), determination of the strain curve in uniaxial tension by Beghini et al. (2006) and Fu et al. (2015)], investigation of residual stresses by Swadener et al. (2001) and Peng et al. (2018), determination of the mechanical characteristics under low-cycle loading by Nguyen et al. (2019), crack resistance characteristics by Murty et al. (1998) and Ghosh et al. (2010), etc. both at the macro, micro, and nano levels. A typical indentation diagram is illustrated in Fig. 2.

a

b

2 n F d А d D   =    

Fig. 2. Standard indentation diagram (a); (b) indentation diagram with coordinates « stress in the imprint F/d 2 – strain d/D».

The main international normative document governing the instrumented indentation method is ISO 14577-1 (2015). This standard regulates the determination of the Martens hardness (HM, HM s , HM diff ), indentation hardness HIT, Young's modulus E IT , creep characteristics C IT , and relaxation R IT during indentation, as well as elastic W elast and plastic W plast components of indentation (first part). The proposed set of physical and mechanical properties of materials has not found wide application both in industry and in scientific institutions. Therefore, the development of methods is in progress to determine the characteristics of mechanical properties from the results of tests. Unfortunately, most techniques are valid for certain classes of materials, which provide a wide scope for their improvement. Standard ISO 14577-1 (2015) covers all ranges of indentation (macro, micro, and nano levels) and a wide range of indenters: orthogonal pyramid-shaped diamond indenter with a square base (Vickers pyramid); triangular diamond pyramid (such as a modified Berkovich pyramid); carbide ball; diamond cone indenter with a spherical tip. For further development of the standard for evaluating strength properties, the International Organization for Standardization published a technical report ISO/TR 29381 (2008). It was developed regarding the first and second parts of the previous 2002 version of ISO 14577-1 (2015). It proposes three ways of determination: type of stresses and strains, inverse finite element analysis, and a neural network approach. Unfortunately, standard ISO/TR 29381 (2008) provides schematics and calculation structures without defining all key parameters unambiguously. Additional literature and the results of our investigation should be used for their definition.

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Indentation at the macro level is performed when examining macro-volumes of material, whereas indentation at the micro- and nanoscale is applied when examining thin films, coatings, and reinforcing layers, as well as individual phases or inclusions in micro- and nanostructured materials. Therefore, the attempt to provide all requirements for such tests at fundamentally different levels in one standard is not very convenient, especially for its practical application, since the equipment requirements and other important aspects of this type of test at such levels can differ significantly. When determining the mechanical characteristics, the indentation range plays an important role. Indeed, when extending the service life of critical equipment, it is more reasonable to determine the strength characteristics at the macro level. But a proper balance must be maintained – the indentation imprint should not lead to huge damage in the structure, and the deformed material must characterize the structure as a whole. The authors believe that a spherical indenter is the most appropriate for indentation. When tips of different shapes are indented into the material under investigation, different stress-strain states are formed in the indentation zone. When a cone or pyramid is indented to different depths, similar imprints are formed creating identical strain fields within the imprint zone, shown by Bakirov and Potapov (2000). The average pressure on the surface of the imprint appears to be a constant value. In the process of ball indentation to different depths, the average pressure in the imprint varies depending on the angle of indentation or the degree of deformation. The ball indentation under different loads produces an indentation diagram that provides significantly more information than a cone or pyramid indentation denoting a single point on that diagram. The construction of hardness diagrams using a conical or pyramidal indenter requires several indenters with a variable angle at the tip. A ball is considered as a universal indenter with a variable sharpening angle that increases with depth, pointed out by Bakirov and Potapov (2000). However, standard ISO 14577 1 (2015) pays almost no attention to indentation using a spherical indenter and consequently does not regulate the Brinell hardness determination. This is a significant drawback since it is a key mechanical characteristic of materials and is widely used in determining other characteristics using indirect methods. In addition, the Brinell hardness along with the strength characteristics serves as an important indicator of the quality of the material during its approval and the design of structures. Different approaches are used to determine the yield and strength limits by instrumented indentation, the main of which are illustrated in Fig. 3.

Haggag (1989), Ahn et al. (2001), etc.

n n   =     К e

F d

f    =     

 

  

( ) f   =

f = 





в 

2



( ) * , c d f h n =

( ) , , p d f F h d =

ISO/TR 29381:2008 (2008), Ahn et al. (2001)

( ) n K   =

2 f F d   =       =     f d D

( ) * , c d f h n =

(0, 002)

n

K

0,2  =



(

)

( ) 1 1 n +

K n

* t r h f h h = , c

в  =



n

Haggag (1989), George et al. (1976), Bakirov et al. (2000), etc.

0,2 m A   =

2 n F d А d D   =    

2 ( t t d h D h = −

)

Fig. 3. Scheme of the main approaches to the determination of yield and strength limits via instrumented indentation.

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4. Materials, equipment and specimens The analysis of methods for determining the mechanical characteristics from the data of measurements of hardness and indentation was performed using the results of investigations on the materials of NPP equipment, namely: • metal template cut of the pipeline element of Ø160×16 mm (steel 22K) ; • metal template cut of the dismantled coil of Ø630×25 mm (material – steel 16HS) with a welded connection of the inlet nozzle of valve 1RA30 600 to the pipeline of "fresh" steam from steam generator PG-3; • metal template cut of the shell of Ø3272×36 mm of the housing of the dismantled high -pressure heater HV 2500 97-10A (material – 09H2S steel); • metal template cut of the stud (material – steel 25Kh1MF); • metal template cut of the stud M60×495 mm (material – steel 38KhN3МFА) ; • metal template cut of the envelope of metal of the control welded joint main circulation pipelines of Ø990×70 mm (material – steel 10HN2MFA and clad – 08Kh18N10H2B) To determine the strength characteristics, the fivefold proportional cylindrical specimens in uniaxial tension were used complying with DSTU EN 10002-1 (2006). The tests were made using a universal servohydraulic Instron 8802 machine. The specimens for measuring hardness and indentation were rectangular. The Brinell hardness was measured according to DSTU ISO 6506-1 (2019) using a stationary hardness tester type TSh-2M. Instrumented indentation was performed according to the international standard ISO 14577-1 (2015) in cyclic loading mode with a 2.5 mm ball diameter using a UTM-20HT laboratory machine, developed by Katok et al. (2019). During indentation and hardness measurement, all the requirements for the test equipment were met. 5. Procedure analysis The analysis of normative documents on the determination of mechanical characteristics by hardness in Fig. 4 implies that none of them makes it possible to determine the characteristics of all the materials under investigation with a deviation less than that specified in the documents TPKM-10-01 (2001), SOU-N NAEK 133 (2016), RD EO 0027 (2005) and I 1.2.1.02.019.1121 (2016). In addition, for 09H2S and 25Kh1MF steels, there was no correlation in all the documents, except I 1.2.1.02.019.1121 (2016) for 09H2S steel.

а

b

Fig. 4. Comparison of the methods for determining the mechanical properties based on the Brinell hardness: (а) yield strength; (b) tensile strength (MPa).

The comparative analysis of the methods of determining the mechanical characteristics from the results of

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indentation specified in Fig. 5 indicates that none of the investigated methods allows one to determine them with a deviation of less than 10%.

а

b

Fig. 5. Comparison of the methods for determining the mechanical properties from the results of indentation: (а) yield strength; (b) tensile strength (MPa). 6. Conclusion From the results of experimental investigations, the analysis of techniques and normative documents regulating the determination of mechanical characteristics by measuring hardness and indentation, the need to develop a new normative document was shown in order to improve the accuracy of determining the strength characteristics by non destructive methods. References Ahn, J., Kwon, D., 2001. Derivation of plastic stress - strain relationship from ball indentations: Examination of strain definition and pileup effect. Journal of Materials Research 16(11), 3170 - 3178. Arai, M., 2017. High - temperature creep property of high Cr ferritic heat - resisting steel identified by indentation test. ASME Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 139, 021403. Bakirov, M. B. Potapov, V. V., 2000. Phenomenological method for determining the mechanical properties of VVER vessel steels from the indentation diagram of a ball indenter. Zavodskaya laboratoriya 66(12), 35 - 44. Beghini, M., Bertini, L., Fontanari, V., 2006. Evaluation of the stress - strain curve of metallic materials by spherical indentation. International Journal of Solids and Structures 43(7 - 8), 2441 - 2459. Beghini, M., Bertini, L., Fontanari, V. Monelli B. D., 2011. Analysis of the Elastic - plastic Properties of Metallic Materials by Instrumented Spherical Indentation Testing. Procedia Engineering 10, 1679 - 1684. Bolzon, G., Rivolta, B., Nykyforchyn, H., Zvirko, O., 2018. Mechanical analysis at different scales of gas pipelines. Engineering Failure Analysis 90, 434 - 439. Das, G., Das, M., Ghosh, S., Dubey, P., Ray, A. K., 2010. Effect of aging on mechanical properties of 6063 Al - alloy using instrumented ball indentation technique. Materials Science and Engineering: A 527(6), 1590 - 1594. DSTU EN 10002 - 1:2006, 2006. Metallic materials. Tensile testing. Part 1. Method of testing at ambient temperature (EN 10002 - 1:2004, IDT). Kyiv, Ukraine. DSTU ISO 6506 - 1:2019, 2019. Metallic Materials. Brinell Hardness Test. Part 1: Test Method (EN ISO 6506 - 1:2014, IDT; ISO 6506 - 1:2014, IDT). Kyiv, Ukraine. DSTU ISO 6506 - 2:2019, 2019. Metallic Materials. Brinell Hardness Test. Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing machines (EN ISO 6506 2:2018, IDT; ISO 6506 - 2:2017, IDT). Kyiv, Ukraine. Fu, K., Chang, L., Zheng, B., Tang, Y., Wang, H., 2015. On the determination of representative stress - strain relation of metallic materials using instrumented indentation. Materials & Design 65, 989 - 994. George, R. A., Dinda, S., Kasper, A, S., 1976. Estimating Yield Strength from Hardness Data. Metal Progress 30 - 35. Ghosh, S., Tarafder, M., Sivaprasad, S., Tarafder, S., 2010. Experimental and numerical study of ball indentation for evaluat ion of mechanical properties and fracture toughness of structural steel. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 63(2 - 3), 617 - 622. Haggag, F. M., 1989. Indentation Microprobe for Structural Integrity Evaluation (U.S. Patent No. 4852397). U.S. Patent and Tradement Office.

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Huber, N., Tsakmakis, C., 1998. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the effect of kinematic hardening on spherical indentation. Mechanics of Materials 27(4), 241-248 I 1.2.1.02.019.1121-2016, 2016. Determination of mechanical properties of metal of nuclear power plants equipment by indirect methods based on hardness characteristics. Instructions. Mos с ow, Russia. ISO 14577-1:2015, 2015. Metallic materials – Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters – Part 1: Test method. ISO/TR 29381:2008, 2008. Metallic materials – Measurement of mechanical properties by an instrumented indentation test – Indentation tensile properties. Jiang, P., Zhang, T., Feng, Y., Yang, R., Liang, N., 2009. Determination of plastic properties by instrumented spherical indentation: Expanding cavity model and similarity solution approach. Journal of Materials Research 24(3), 1045-1053. Katok, O. A., Kravchuk, R. V., Kharchenko, V. V., Rudnyts’kyi, M. P., 2019. A Setup for Complex Investigation of Mechanical Characteristics of Structural Materials for NPP Equipment. Strength of Materials 51(2), 317-325. Kravchuk R. V., 2020. Determination of mechanical properties of structural steels by indirect methods. Manuscript-style thesis. Kyiv, Ukraine. Lu, W., Ling, X., Yang, S., 2019. A modified reference area method to estimate creep behaviour of service-exposed Cr5Mo based on spherical indentation creep test. Vacuum 169, 108923. Mathew, M. D., Murty, K. L., Rao, K. B. S., Mannan, S. L., 1999. Ball indentation studies on the effect of aging on mechanical behavior of alloy 625. Materials Science and Engineering: A 264(1-2), 159-166. Murty, K. L., Mathew, M. D., Wang, Y., Shah, V. N., Haggag, F. M., 1998. Nondestructive determination of tensile properties and fracture toughness of cold worked A36 steel. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 75(11), 831-840. Nagaraju, S., Ganesh Kumar, J., Vasantharaja, P., Vasudevan, M., Laha, K., 2017. Evaluation of strength property variations across 9Cr-1Mo steel weld joints using automated ball indentation (ABI) technique. Materials Science and Engineering: A 695, 199-210. Nguyen, N.-V., Pham, T.-H., Kim, S.-E., 2019. Strain rate sensitivity behavior of a structural steel during low-cycle fatigue investigated using indentation. Materials Science and Engineering: A 744, 490-499. Peng, G., Lu, Z., Ma, Y., Feng, Y., Huan, Y., Zhang, T., 2018. Spherical indentation method for estimating equibiaxial residual stress and elastic plastic properties of metals simultaneously. Journal of Materials Research 33(8), 884-897. RD E О 0027 -2005, 2005. Instructions for the determination of the mechanical properties of metal of nuclear power plants equipment by indirect methods based on hardness characteristics. Moscow, Russia. SOU-N NAEK 133:2016, 2016. Engineering, Scientific and Technical Support. Procedure for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Metal from Hardness Test Data. National Nuclear Power Generating Company “Enerhoatom”. Kyiv, Ukraine. Swadener, J. G., Taljat, B., Pharr, G. M., 2001. Measurement of residual stress by load and depth sensing indentation with spherical indenters. Journal of Materials Research 16(7), 2091-2102. TPKM-10-01, 2001. Model Program of the Periodic Control of the Mechanical Properties of the Metal of Pipelines of Nuclear Power Stations with VVER-1000 Reactors. Kyiv, Ukraine.

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Procedia Structural Integrity 36 (2022) 326–333

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors Abstract Data on the location of explored oil and gas fields and oil and gas prospects were analysed. The fields are ranked according to the service life and the level of equipment wear. It is shown that the most worn-out are the deposits of Western Ukraine. The main ways of occurrence of environmental pollution during the operation of oil and gas wells are determined. The peculiarities of nature protection territories located near or directly on the territory of oil and gas fields have been established. On the example of the Dovbushansko-Bystrytske field, zones of the potential impact on protected areas have been identified and ranked. © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors Keywords: ecological risks, oil and gas wells, environmental safety, oil and gas equipment depreciation level, nature reserve area. 1. Introduction Due to the long-term operation of infrastructure facilities, the risk of accidents and the possibility of their destruction and pollution of the ecosystem, disruption of the gas balance, and intensification of global climate change increases. It should be noted that the main part of natural hydrocarbon deposits. Deposits of Ukraine are exhausted and are in the final stages of development. A significant amount of oil and gas reserves are concentrated in areas of ecologically sensitive areas (objects of nature reserves, resorts, mineral water deposits, etc.). At the same time, ensuring the energy independence of the state is a priority and strategic task. Under the most difficult mining and geological conditions in Europe, there is an extensive network of critical infrastructure facilities. The Carpathian region is home to 22% of the country's forest fund and 42% of unique and rare underground mineral water deposits, which have become the basis for the creation of world-famous recreational facilities. These facilities directly border on thousands of liquidated oil and gas wells of the old fund aged from 40 to 1st Virtual International Conference “In service Damage of Materials: Diagnostics and Prediction” Assessment and minimization of the impact of oil and gas production on environmental protection areas Liubov Poberezhna, Ihor Chudyk, Volodymyr Khomyn, Mykola Prykhodko, Teod sia Yatsyshyn, Andrii Hrytsanchuk Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska St., Ivano-Frankivsk 76019, Ukraine Abstract Data on the location of explored oil and gas fields and oil and gas prospects were analysed. The fields are ranked according to the service lif and he lev l of equipme t wear. It i shown that the m t worn-out re th eposits of Wester Ukraine. The main ways of occurrence of environmental pollution during the operation of il and gas w lls are determined. The peculiarities of nature pr tection territories l cated near r directly o the territory f oil and gas fields have b en established. On the ex mple the Dovbushansko-Byst yt ke fiel , zones of the pote tial impact on protected reas have b en identified and ranked. © 2022 The Auth rs. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review u der responsibility of e conference Guest Editors Keywords: ecological risks, oil and gas wells, environmental safety, oil and gas equipment depreciation level, nature reserve area. 1. Introduction Due to the long-term operation of infrastructure facilities, the risk of accidents and the possibility of their destr cti n and pollution f the ecosystem, disr ption of the gas balance, and i ensification f global climate change ncreases. It sh uld be noted that the main part natur l hydro arbo deposits. Deposits of Ukraine r exhausted and are in t e final stag s of developme t. A significant amount of il and ga res rves are concentrated in areas of ecologically sensitive areas (objects of ature reserves, resorts, mineral water deposits, etc.). At the s me time, ensuring the energy i dep nd nce f the tate is a priority and strategic task. Under the most difficult mining and geological conditions i Eu ope, there is an extensive network of critical infrastructur facilities. The Carpathian region is home to 22% of the country's forest fund and 42% f unique and rare underg ound m neral water deposits, which have bec me the basis f r the creation of worl -famous recreatio al f cilities. These facilities directly border on thous nds of liquidated o l and gas w lls of the ld fund aged from 40 to 1st Virtual International Conference “In service Damage of Materials: Diagnostics and Prediction” Assessment and minimization of the impact of oil and gas production on environmental protection areas Liubov Poberezhna, Ihor Chudyk, Volodymyr Khomyn, Mykola Prykhodko, Teodosia Yatsyshyn, Andrii Hrytsanchuk Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska St., Ivano-Frankivsk 76019, Ukraine

2452-3216 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors 2452-3216 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors

2452-3216 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the conference Guest Editors 10.1016/j.prostr.2022.01.042

Liubov Poberezhna et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 36 (2022) 326–333 Liubov Poberezhna, Ihor Chudyk, Volodymyr Khomyn et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2021) 000 – 000

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120 years and hundreds of kilometres of gas and oil pipelines with unsatisfactory operational reliability (Fig. 1) (Glushkevych (2014)).

Fig. 1. Environmental implications of canned wells.

An important group of indicators that affect the environmental safety of a man-made object (in our case, an oil and gas well) are indicators of the quality of technical means (Kiran et al. (2017), Yatsyshyn (2018)). The process of construction of oil and gas wells and subsequent stages of the life cycle is accompanied by a large number of different technical means, the quality, and compliance of which provides a high probability of trouble-free operation. Additional risks of failures of responsible oil and gas equipment are due to the significant operation life for more than 30 years (Fig. 2) (Ingraffea et al. (2014), Yavorsky et al. (2016, 2017), Chudyk et al. (2019)). Properties that determine the quality of products can be characterized by: quality parameters (quantitative characteristics of quality); quality characteristics (qualitative characteristics), which are combined into quality indicators (Bernardo et al. (2009)). The quality indicators of technical means that affect the environmental effects of the construction of oil and gas wells include the following: • constructive indicators; • reliability indicators; • indicators of economic use of raw materials, fuel, and energy; • indicators of manufacturability; • indicators of transportability; • environmental indicators; • safety indicators. The above indicators have both a direct impact and an indirect impact on the formation of not only the risk of dangerous emergencies but also other undesirable environmental effects. The analysis of the quality indicators of technical means in the construction of oil and gas wells indicates a close relationship between environmental and economic effects, which necessitates the consideration of these concepts in the complex. Thus, the search for a balance between making a profit and preserving the environment is one of the decisive factors in the successful greening of enterprises around the world. In line with these challenges, global companies

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have developed an eco-efficiency strategy to justify to entrepreneurs that resource-saving and environmentally friendly business not only has a positive impact on the environment but is also profitable and cost-effective.

Fig. 2. Diagram of the distribution of depreciation level of responsible metal structures of oil and gas companies.

Decommissioned oil and gas wells pose a danger to the environment, as they are a source of methane leaks, a gas that contributes to the formation of the greenhouse effect on the planet, as well as in the well due to the destruction of its walls can leak fluids and subsequent entry into aquifers. The object of the study was selected wells in the final stages of operation and decommissioning, which are potential pollutants. 2. Materials and Methods. The study of the environmental impact of decommissioned wells is a necessary step to assess the causal trends and identify the most dangerous environmental situations (Poberezhnyi et al. (2017), Boothroyd et al. (2017), Yatsyshym et al. (2019)). The final stage of the life cycle of oil and gas wells is characterized by increased risks of uncontrolled processes that can pose a danger to the environment. In the late and final stages, the equipment of oil and gas wells is not reliable enough, it can be damaged as a result of an aggressive environment, accompanied by the loss of its quality characteristics. Over time, cement bridges can collapse in wells, corrosion of the mouth equipment and the column itself (Poberezhny et al. (2018), Kryzhanivskyi et al. (2020)), which causes depressurization of the well. The consequence of this situation is uncontrolled pollution of formation waters, soils, and atmospheric air. Environmental threats to the environment from oil and gas leaks during the operation of deposits are theoretically less large-scale compared to possible leaks after the completion of well development. In addition, during the operation of the well, pollution can be prevented and eliminated by various known environmental measures, and the wells that are decommissioned in most cases have no control. Seismic movements can increase the flow of hydrocarbons into the well and provoke accidental oil and gas emissions. There are research data and there are real facts of hydrocarbons from the deep layers, which causes uncontrolled leakage of fluid or gas into the environment during the depressurization of the well structure. The location of wells in river floodplains increases the likelihood of hydrocarbon migration and pollution of the hydrosphere. Wells in which formation waters are corrosive is exposed to the formation of channels through which hydrocarbon leaks occur. Sometimes such situations are recorded in wells that are operated, not to mention after the operational period. Monitoring the condition of the cement ring, designed to seal the gap between the casing and the drilled rock, in most cases indicates its unsatisfactory condition. These « favourable » conditions for the manifestation

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of leaks are accompanied by frequent griffins, i.e. open outlets of oil and gas to the earth's surface in the downhole zone. According to the information on the completed wells, the hydrocarbon leaks are recorded visually. The approximate service life of casing is from 25 to 30 years (Poberezhny et al. (2017, 2018), Kryzhanivskyi (2019)). After this period, the pipes due to wear and corrosion must be restored or eliminated (tamponing) (Chernov et al. (2002)). According to the data on the corrosion rate (Poberezhny et al. (2017, 2019), 2019)), the expected service life of the equipment (Maruschak et al. (2014), Poberezhny et al. (2019), Zapukhliak et al. (2019)) from the moment of inspection to the maximum corrosion wear (in years) is calculated:

all    −

T  =

.

m

(1)

,

c

where ΔT – ultimate corrosion wear; δ all – allowable corrosion wear; δ m . – actual (measured) corrosion wear; υ c - average corrosion rate. Knowing the maximum corrosion wear, you can calculate the estimated service life of the equipment from the moment of its commissioning to the maximum corrosion wear:

T

act Т Т = +  ,

(2)

p

where T p – projected service life of the equipment (in years); Т act - – the actual service life of the equipment at the time of the inspection. The pump-compressor pipes can be lifted from the well and replaced, unlike the conductor, production, and technical columns, which are cemented in the well. Abandoned, decommissioned wells have such a state of the casing as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Pump and compressor pipes are destroyed by corrosion.

Repair work involves re-cementing the wellhead, but the casing is subject to further destruction. Due to this, subsoil pollution can occur covertly and go to aquifers, and in the presence of favourable conditions (permeable layers of rocks) enter the atmosphere in the form of gas manifestations in the vicinity of the well - griffins. Therefore, such measures can be considered harmful from an environmental point of view. Fig. 4 shows a scheme of a well that has been decommissioned and possible ways of entering hydrocarbons in different environments from different depressurized sections of casing. The decommissioned oil and gas well consists of: 1. Concrete pedestal, which is installed during the decommissioning of the well instead of the mouth equipment; 2. Conductor - casing to insulate the upper aquifers; 3. Aquifer;

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4.

Cemented conductor after its descent;

5. Cemented section of the first technical casing in the conductor; 6. Cemented section of the first technical casing in the open wellbore; 7. The first technical casing; 8. Depressurization of the second technical casing on the site lined with the first technical column; 9. Cemented section of the second technical casing in the casing well by the first technical column; 10. Depressurization of the production column on the site lined with the second technical column; 11. Cemented section of the production column in the casing well by the second technical column; 12. The second technical casing; 13. Cemented section of the second technical casing in the open wellbore; 14. Cemented section of the production string in the open wellbore; 15. Operational column; 16. Productive oil and gas horizon with high formation pressure P1; 17. Perforation of the production string in the area of the productive horizon 16; 18. Depressurization of the production column in the uncoated column; 19. Possible penetration of the high-pressure fluid into layer 20 with low-pressure P2; 20. Productive layer with low-pressure P2; 21. Depressurization in the lower part of the production column, which is lined with the second technical column; 22. Depressurization of the second technical column in the open wellbore; 23. The movement of the fluid from the reservoir 20 with low-pressure P2 after it enters the stream 19 with high pressure in the surface water layers 3; 24. The movement of fluid to the water layer 3 and to the surface, including the atmosphere; 25. Depressurization of the first technical column; 26. Transfer of fluid to the water horizon 3 and into surface waters; 27. Uncontrolled release of fluid to the surface (water bodies, atmosphere).

Fig. 4. Scheme of the operational oil and gas well with possible faults of the sealing of the casing.

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3. Results and discussion The total area of the petroleum fields and oil and gas prospects in the west of Ukraine for which the analysis was conducted is about 17,600 km 2 (1,760,000 ha). The area of zones of direct impact is about 610 km 2 (61,000 ha), which is approximately 12.5% of the total area of nature reserves in Western Ukraine for which the analysis was conducted. According to the results of the research, the zones of direct influence of oil and gas fields and oil and gas perspective areas on the nature reserve territories of Western Ukraine have been identified (Fig. 5). Based on the proposed approaches, an analysis of the impact of the Dovbushansko-Bystrytske field on the environment of protected areas. In the zone of influence of the Dovbushansko-Bystrytske field there are 2 nature reserves, with an area> 2 km 2 : Gorgany Nature Reserve, with an area of 53.44 km 2 (5344 ha); Carpathian National Nature Park, with an area of 504.95 km 2 (50495 ha) (Fig. 6, Table 1). The area of the zone of the direct impact of the field on the Gorgany Nature Reserve is 0.36 km 2 (36 ha), which is 0.67% of the total area of the reserve. The area of the impact zone of 1 km (outside the field) is 4.46 km 2 (446 ha), which is 8.34% of the total area of the reserve. The area of the impact zone is 5 km (outside the field) - 45.22 km2 (4522 ha), which is 84.62% of the total area of the reserve. The area of the impact zone of 10 km (outside the field) is 53.44 km 2 (5344 ha), which is 100% of the total area of the reserve.

Fig. 5. The impact of oil and gas production on the protected areas of Western Ukraine.