PSI - Issue 27

Mufti Reza Aulia Putra et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 27 (2020) 147–154 Putra and Tjahjana / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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different compared to maritime transportation which uses reversible propulsion to reduce speed and avoid accidents, e.g. collision and grounding (Prabowo et al., 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019; 2020; Bae et al., 2016a; 2016b). Braking can also be used to maintain the vehicle's position in its state. Brakes are a mechanical device to increase friction resistance that prevents the turning wheel of a vehicle. The braking system absorbs kinetic energy or potential energy or both when used, and this absorbed energy appears in the form of heat (Day et al., 1984). When moving on steep roads, the vehicle speed is controlled by using the brakes. Nomenclature 1 Brake force 1 (N) 2 Brake force 2 (N) m Vehicle mass (kg) g Gravity ( m s 2 ⁄ ) ℎ Center of gravity (mm) a Position of the front wheels (mm) b Position of the rear wheels (mm) l Wheelbase (mm) T Torque (Nm) Braking pressure (MPa) Effective area (mm) Friction contact area ( mm 2 ) Braking has a vital role in vehicle safety (Boniardi et al., 2006). In general, the braking system will operate by two main parts, the stator and the rotor. (Günay et al., 2020). A braking system that is widely used is friction brake, where the braking system used uses the principle of friction. The rotor and the stator will take the friction process. The use of friction as a braking principle makes braking devices have limitations in use. Brake components at certain times require maintenance or replacement of components. Increased brake life on the use of large loads can be done by applying a layered braking system. Mechanical braking supported with engine brakes produces excellent braking and extends the life of the braking components (Zou et al., 2009). The braking component requires several interval maintenances. This treatment aims to extend braking life. The braking system with the principle of friction has a lot of risk of failure as a study conducted by Boniardi, 2006 (Boniardi et al., 2006) who has researched the risk of failure on a motorcycle disk brake. This research discusses the causes of braking system failures. From this research, it is known that the disk brake can be failed at a particular time. The braking failure also commonly found in brake shoes. (Abutu et al., 2018) conducted a study of reinforcement on brake shoes. (Collignon et al., 2013) analyzed premature failures that occur in the braking system on trucks. We can conclude that many researchers explain the phenomenon of premature failure on braking components. Early failure is a result of thermal fatigue cracks (Bagnoli et al., 2009; Mackin et al., 2002; Mazzù et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). Previous studies discussed more the effect of the influence of each component that raises the risk of failure. This paper will discuss more a comprehensive summary of the effects of each parameter that causes braking system failure. Also, there will be discussions regarding braking system solutions that can be used as risk fracture braking solutions. 2. Fracture on brake components Braking components generally fail due to damage to the mechanical components used. The disk is the most often damaged component. As well as other parts of the rotor, the disk/rotor is used generally as a moving component. In addition to the components used as friction receivers, the disk also functions as the cooling system of the brake (Ma et al., 2020; Reyes et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019). The braking process produces heat and must be released by cooling it into free air. The use of brakes for a long time makes the heat generated cannot be matched by cooling. Increasing heat will reduce braking performance at high temperatures will eliminate the braking force so that the braking system will fail. Damage to the disc can be in the form of hair cracks or broken disks, as shown in Fig. 1.