PSI - Issue 27

Aditya Rio Prabowo et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 27 (2020) 77–84 Prabowo et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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Table 1. Comparison of root causes from three explosion accidents in maritime environment (Vinnem, 2018). Macondo accident Heimdal gas leak Cidade de São Mateus accident  Deficient learning from previous leaks

 Failures in registration and modification of records  Lack of marine superintendents  Inadequate dimensioning of the training program  Failure to identify training requirements  Incomplete operating procedure  Noncompliance with project criteria  Lack of inspections, calibration and tests  Failure in the control of spare parts  System without space for spades installation  Failure to identify accident scenarios  Lack of awareness  Inadequate mechanisms for the review of emergency response plans  Lack of specific instructions for the performance of certain tasks  Lack of supervision

 Ineffective leadership

 Poor training and supervision of employees

 Weaknesses in design not identified

 Ineffective management and oversight of  contractors  Inadequate use of technology and instrumentation

 Weaknesses in document control

 Work not included in Work Permit system  Deficient planning of work task  Access  Verification  Contribution to updating

Fig. 3. Idealization of geometrical model: case of Deepwater Horizon (Dadashzadeh et al., 2013).

The geometrical modeling of the offshore installation is shown in Fig. 3, which is later used to estimate surrounding behavior after hydrocarbon release from the Macando well onto the platform caused explosion. Well-known numerical methodology, i.e. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is also involved in explosion risk analysis (ERA) besides structural and material integrity using crashworthiness estimation. Conventional CFD approach is updated in recent years (see works of Shi et al. (2019)) to provide better calculation, which there are two fundamental parts, i.e., typical dispersion scenario is added into the simulation by considering Frozen Cloud Approach (FCA), and typical explosion scenario is augmented which interpolation technique is required to quantify the scenario. 4. Laboratory experiments in environmental and structural design 4.1. Land-based structures Files Accident inland facilities may occur in forms of gas explosion due to the interaction of several flammable gasses. Results of the experimental investigation by Luo et al. (2020) indicate that indicates that with increasing several components of gas concentration will cause an increase of the equivalent ratio of the system, and maximum/peak explosion pressure ( P max ), while the time difference (Δ T ) decreases. In the case of a pipeline explosion,