PSI - Issue 24

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000 il l li t . i ir t. ScienceDirect tructural Integrity rocedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia .elsevier.co /locate/procedia

ScienceDirect

Procedia Structural Integrity 24 (2019) 408–422

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© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the AIAS2019 organizers The activity here presented describes the retrofit performed on a small-size electric urban bus, which has been transformed in a laboratory vehicle for flash charge functionality using energy transfer between supercapacitors. The existing motor and driveline has been maintained, while the energy storage, originally based on lead batteries, has been modified reducing battery capacity and installing high voltage supercapacitors; such hybrid energy storage system is able to accept high recharge power (approximately about 150kW-peak in the used configuration), while smoothing power load on battery during traction. The system is therefore also able to extend the life of aged batteries. The so-called flash charge occurs through a pantograph connection to the infrastructure, typically in case of bus stops, during ascent and descent of passengers. The structure of the vehicle used for the transformation, which is still widely used worldwide, is constituted by as a glass fiber bodywork installed on a steel frame; since the body was not designed for the support of a significant mass as the one of the pantograph, it has been necessary to install an additional frame anchored to the main vehicle frame; such auxiliary frame has been designed also to substitute the internal fittings of the vehicle, in order to be used as stanchions for the standing passengers. In parallel, the battery compartment has been redesigned in order to install the supercapacitors and the new power converters needed. The contents of the article include the description of the mechanical components installed for the retrofit, the definition of the main power management strategy for the new powertrain and the results of preliminary testing activities. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) e acti it ere rese te escri es t e retr fit erf r e a s all-size electric r a s, ic as ee tra sf r e i a la rat r e icle f r flas c ar e f cti alit si e er tra sfer et ee s erca acit rs. e e isti t r a ri eli e as ee ai tai e , ile t e e er st ra e, ri i all ase lea atteries, as ee ifie re ci atter ca acit a i stalli i lta e s erca acit rs; s c ri e er st ra e s ste is a le t acce t i rec ar e er (a r i atel a t - ea i t e se c fi rati ), ile s t i er l a atter ri tracti . e s ste is t eref re als a le t e te t e life f a e atteries. e s -calle flas c ar e cc rs t r a a t ra c ecti t t e i frastr ct re, t icall i case f s st s, ri asce t and esce t f asse ers. e str ct re f t e e icle se f r t e tra sf r ati , which is still widely used world i e, is c stit te as a lass fi er r i stalle a steel fra e; si ce t e as t esi e f r t e s rt f a si ifica t ass as t e e f t e a t ra , it as ee ecessar t i stall a a iti al fra e a c re t t e ai e icle fra e; s c a iliar fra e as ee esi e als t s stit te t e i ter al fitti s f t e e icle, i r er t e se as sta c i s f r t e sta i asse ers. I arallel, t e atter c art e t as ee re esi e i r er t i stall t e s erca acit rs a t e e er c erters ee e . e c te ts f t e article i cl e t e escri ti f t e ec a ical c e ts i stalle f r t e retr fit, t e efi iti f t e ai er a a e e t strate f r t e e ertrai a t e res lts f reli i ar testi acti ities. e t rs. lis e lse ier . . is is a e access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) AIAS 2019 International Conference on Stress Analysis Structural and energy storage retrofit of an electric bus for high power flash recharge Lorenzo Berzi a* , Niccolò Baldanzini a , Daniele Barbani a , Riccardo Barbieri a , Edoardo Locorotondo a , Marco Pierini a , Luca Pugi a , Adriano Alessandrini b , Fabio Cignini c , Fernando Ortenzi c , Antonino Genovese c a DIEF - Department of Industrial Engineering, University Of Florence, Via di S.Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy b DICEA - Department of Civil and Envioromental Engineering, University Of Florence, Via di S.Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy c ENEA - Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, 00123 Rome, Italy orenzo Berzi a* , Niccolò Baldanzini a , Daniele Barbani a , i ca i i a , t a , i i i a , i a , i l i i b , i i i i c , t i c , t i c a I - epart ent of Industrial ngineering, niversity f lorence, ia di S. arta 3, 50139 irenze, Italy b I - epart ent of ivil and nvioro ental ngineering, niversity f lorence, ia di S. arta 3, 50139 irenze, Italy c - Italian gency for e echnologies, nergy and Sustainable cono ic evelop ent, 00123 o e, Italy Abstract str ct

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 055 2758698. E-mail address: lorenzo.berzi@unifi.it * orresponding author. el.: 39 055 2758698. - ail address: lorenzo.berzi unifi.it

2452-3216 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the AIAS2019 organizers 2452-3216 2019 he uthors. ublished by lsevier . . his is an open access article under the - - license (http://creativeco ons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the AIAS2019 organizers

2452-3216 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the AIAS2019 organizers 10.1016/j.prostr.2020.02.038