PSI - Issue 13

ScienceDirect Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Av ilable o line at ww.sciencedire t.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000 – 000 Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 1626–1631 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000 – 000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Int grity Procedia 00 (2018) 000 – 000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal Thermo-mechanical modeling of a high pressure turbine blade of an airplane gas turbine engine P. Brandão a , V. Infante b , A.M. Deus c * a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal b IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal c CeFEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Abstract During their operation, modern aircraft engine components are subjected to increasingly demanding operating conditions, especially the high pressure turbine (HPT) blades. Such conditions cause these parts to undergo different types of time-dependent degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict the creep behaviour of HPT blades. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation company, were used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model needed for the FEM analysis, a HPT blade scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D rectangular block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The overall expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a model can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data. ECF22 - Loading and Environmental effects on Structural Integrity Analysis of fatigue life of the steel cord used in tires in unidirectional and bidirectional bending Robert Kruzel a , Malgorzata Ulewicz a a Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 3, 42- 201 Częstochowa, POLAND The results of fatigue life tests of steel cord used in construction machinery tires are presented in this paper. Steel wire used in tires, called the steel cord, is largely responsible for transferring large loads, but unfortunately it quickly undergoes fatigue. The fatigue life of this steel cord is influenced by many factors related to its construction, workmanship quality, as well as the method of bending during each working cycle. In laboratory tests, the fatigue life of steel cords was compared in the conditions of unidirectional and bidirectional bending, on a specially built, innovative fatigue testing machine for steel cords. In fatigue life tests, a fundamental difference is visible in the number of cycles leading to breaking. For one-way bending process, the number of cycles is significantly greater than for the bidirectional bending. Instead of the wire fracture process, a steel cord elongation process takes place that increases the umber of fat gue cycles, which is reflected directly in the number of failures i the tires of construction machines © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. Keywords: fatigue strength; steel cord; crack propagation; unidirectional bending; bidirectional bending With the growth of the autom tiv industry, an increase in demand for more advanced tires is observed, which would effectively transfer the generated overloads to the pavement and assure safe operation. Currently, for tire manufacturing exists a complex combination of rubber mixes, steel wires and textile fibers, such as nylon or polyester, which are joined together in the vulcanization process, Vedeneev (2012), VERT (2007), Massoubre (1984). The greatest influence on the life and load capacity of tires, used in all types of vehicles is shown by the internal structure of the tire and the reinforcement used. For reinforcing tires, either steel wire or its products in the form of strands or ropes are used, called the steel cord, Tashiro and Tarui (2003), Bekaert catalogue (1982), Krmela (2017), Noor and Tanner (1985), which, embedded in an elastomer, are intended to make the construction more rigid, while imparting to it the appropriate © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. ECF22 - Loading and Environmental effects on Structural Integrity Analysis of fatigue life of the steel cord used in tires in unidirectional and bidirectional bending Robert Kruzel a , Malgorzata Ulewicz a a Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 3, 42- 201 Częstochowa, POLAND Abstract The results of fatigue life tests of steel cord used in construction machinery tires are presented in this paper. Steel wire used in tires, called the steel cord, is largely responsible for transferring large loads, but unfortunat ly it quickly undergoes fatigu . The fatigue life of this steel cord is influenced by many factors related to its construction, workmanship quality, as well as the method of bending during each working ycle. In laboratory t sts, the fa i ue life f steel cords was compared in the conditions f unidirectional and bidirectio al bending, on a specially built, innovativ fatigue testing machine for steel cords. In fatigue life tests, a fundamental difference is visibl in the number of cycles leading to breaking. For one-way bending process, the number of cycles is significantly great r than for th bidirectional bending. Instead of the wire fracture process, a steel cord elongation process tak s place that i creas s the number of fatigue cycles, which is reflected directly in the numb r of failures in the tires of c nstruction m hines © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. Keywords: fatigue strength; steel cord; crack propagation; unidirectional bending; bidirectional bending 1. Introduction With the growth of the automotive industry, an increase in demand for more advanced tires is observed, which would effectively transfer the generated overloads to the pavement and assure safe operation. Currently, for tire manufacturing exists a complex combination of rubber mixes, steel wires and textile fibers, such as nylon or polyester, which are joined together in the vulcanization process, Vedeneev (2012), VERT (2007), Massoubre (1984). The greatest influence on the life and load capacity of tires, used in all types of vehicles is shown by the internal structure of the tire and the reinforcement used. For reinforcing tires, either steel wire or its products in the form of strands or ropes are used, called the steel cord, Tashiro and Tarui (2003), Bekaert catalogue (1982), Krmela (2017), Noor and Tanner (1985), which, embedded in an elastomer, are intended to make the construction more rigid, while imparting to it the appropriate © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation. Abstract 1. Introduction

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218419991. E-mail address: amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt 2452-3216 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. 2452-3216 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer review under r sponsibility of the ECF22 organizers.

2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.

2452-3216  2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. 10.1016/j.prostr.2018.12.342