PSI - Issue 13

Zoi S. Metaxa et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 2011–2016 Z.S. Metaxa and S.K. Kourkoulis / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000 – 000

2016

6

superplasticizer concentration of approximately 0.7% by weight of cement should be employed. At concentrations larger than 0.7% the dispersing agent amount is possibly quite high causing flocculation. At lower concentrations, the amount of the dispersing agent is possibly insufficient to repel the strong Van der Waals forces between the GnPs. The combination of the mechanical and electrical properties results demonstrates that, the optimal ultrasonic energy for the efficient distribution of GnPs having a lateral size of 8 μm is close to 400 kJ. The application of lower ultrasonic energies results to the partial dispersion of the carbon nanomaterials. On the other hand, the application of higher ultrasonic energies results to the GnPs rapture reducing their reinforcing efficiency.

Acknowledgements

The first author acknowledges the financial support of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology fellowships for assisting young scientists, with the exclusive support of Stavros Niarchos Foundation.

References

Alkhateb, H., Al-Ostaz, A., Cheng, A., Li.X., 2013. Materials Genome for Graphene-Cement Nanocomposites for Infrastructure Applications, Journal of Nanomechanics and Micromechanics 3, 67 – 77. Coleman, A., Knut, R., Karis, O., Grennberg, H., Jansson, U., Quinlan, R., Holloway, B.C., Sanyal, B., Eriksson, O., 2008. Defect Formation in Graphene Nanosheets by Acid Treatment: an X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Study, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 41, 062001. Du, H., Pang, S.D., 2015. Enhancement of barrier properties of cement mortar with graphene nanoplatelet, Cement and Concrete Research 76, 10 – 19. Du, H., Pang, S.D., 2018. Dispersion and Stability of Graphene Nanoplatelet in Water and its Influence on Cement Composites, Construction and Building Materials 167, 403 – 413. Du, X., Skachko, I., Barker, A., Andrei, E.Y., 2008. Approaching Ballistic Transport in Suspended Graphene, Nature Nanotechnology 3, 491 – 495. Konsta-Gdoutos, M.S., Metaxa, Z.S., Shah, S.P., 2010. Highly Dispersed Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Cement Based Materials, Cement and Concrete Research 40, 1052 – 1059. Le, J.-L., Du, H., Pang, S.D., 2014. Use of 2D Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) in cement composites for structural health evaluation, Composites: Part B 67, 555 – 563. Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J.W., Hone, J., 2008. Measurement of the Eastic Properties and intrinsic strength of Monolayer Graphene, Science 321, 385 – 388. Liu, Q., Xu, Q., Yu, Q., Gao, R., Tong, T., 2016. Experimental Investigation on Mechanical and Piezoresistive properties of Cementitious Materials Containing Graphene and Graphene Oxide nanoplatelets, Construction and Building Materials 127, 565 – 576. Metaxa, Z.S., Seo, J.-W.T., Konsta-Gdoutos, M.S., Hersam, M.C., Shah, S.P., 2012. Highly Concentrated Carbon Nanotube Suspensions for Cementitious Materials, Cement and Concrete Composites 34, 612 – 617. Metaxa, Z.S., Konsta-Gdoutos, M.S., Shah, S.P., 2013. Carbon nanofiber cementitious composites: effect of debulking procedure on dispersion and reinforcing efficiency, Cement and Concrete Composites 36, 25 – 32. Metaxa, Z.S., 2015. Polycarboxylate Based Superplasticizers as Dispersant Agents for Exfoliated Graphene Nanoplatelets Reinforcing Cement Based Materials, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 8, 1 – 5. Metaxa, Z.S., 2016. Exfoliated Graphene Nanoplatelet Cement-Based Nanocomposites as Piezoresistive Sensors: Influence of Nanoreinforce ment Lateral Size on Monitoring Capability, Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais 28, 73 – 79. Pisello, A.L., D’Alessand ro, A., Sambuco, S., Rallini, M., Ubertini, F., Asdrubali, F., Materazzi, A.L., Cotana, F., 2017. Multipurpose Experimental Characterization of Smart Nanocomposite Cement-based Materials for Thermal-energy and Strain-Sensing Capability, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 161, 77 – 88. Pumera, M., 2010. Graphene-based Nanomaterials and their Electrochemistry, Chemical Society Reviews 39, 4146 – 4157. Rastogi, R., Kaushal, R., Tripathi, S.K., Sharma, A.L., Kaur, I., Bharadwaj, L.M., 2008. Comparative Study of Carbon Nanotube Dispersion Using Surfactants. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 328, 421 – 428. Tong, T., Fan, Z., Liu, Q., Wang, S., Tan, S., Yu, Q., 2016. Investigation of the Effects of Graphene and Graphene Oxide Nanoplatelets on the - Micro and Macro- Properties of Cementitious Materials, Construction and Building Materials 106, 102 – 114. Tragazikis, I.K., Dassios, K.G., Dalla, P.T., Exarchos, D.A., Matikas, Th.E., 2018, Acoustic Emission Investigation of the Effect of Graphene on the Fracture Behavior of Cement Mortars, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, in press. Yang, Y., Grulke, E.A., Zhang, Z.G., Wu, G., 2006. Thermal and Rheological Properties of Carbon Nanotube-in-oil Dispersions. Journal of Applied Physics 99, 114307 – 8. Yu, J., Grossiord, N., Koning, C.E., Loos, J., 2007. Controlling the Dispersion o Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Surfactant Solution, Carbon 45, 618 – 623. Ζohhadi, N. Aich, N., Khan, I.A., Matta, F., Saleh, N.B., Ziehl, P., 2012. Graphene nanoreinforcement for cement-based composites, in Proceedings of the NICOM4 conference, ed. M.S. Konsta-Gdoutos, Agios Nikolaos, Greece.