PSI - Issue 13

Uroš Tatić et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 496– 502 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

498

3

sealing and translation of the pressure load to a structure. Loading scenarios for both specimens were:  Without IGU and casements (only window frame, without reinforcement-W1; with reinforcement-R1)  Window without IGU (frame and casements without IGU, without reinforcement-W2; with reinforcement-R2)  With left casement opened (one casement with IGU, without reinforcement-W3; with reinforcement-R3)  With casements and IGU (complete window, without reinforcement-W4; with reinforcement-R4). Loading procedure was performed with steady increase of pressure controlled with a flow output (max ≈45m 3 /h) with relaxing time break of approximately 1 min provided with every increase of 2000 Pa. Significant increase of air flow at the high values of pressure represent a consequence of inadequate sealing between test equipment and window. Example of a loading procedure for complete window without reinforcement W3 is presented in Fig. 2 . Deflection of a middle mullion was observed at the 3 individual points using the LVDT sensors. It was measured in the middle, 5 cm from top and 5 cm from bottom edge of the mullion.

1000 1500 2000 2500

0 10 20 30 40 50 0 2 4 5 7 9 11 12 14 16 18 19 21 23 24 26 28 Flow rate m 3 /h flow rate m3/h pressure/Pa

pritisk [Pa]

0 500

Time [min]

Fig. 2 Loading procedure for complete window without reinforcement W3

Table 1. Parameters and application of materials installed in the wooden window and used for numerical simulations Material property Value Unit Application

Density

400-450

Kg/m 3

Modulus of elasticity 1 Longitudinal E 1 Modulus of elasticity 2 Radial E2 Modulus of elasticity 3 Transversal E3

14460

N/mm 2 (MPa) N/mm 2 (MPa) N/mm 2 (MPa)

900 470 0.37 0.46 0.44 880 882

Window frames, casements and mullion

Poisson's ratio1,2 Poisson's ratio1,3 Poisson's ratio2,3 Sheer module G1,2 Sheer module G1,3 Sheer module G2,3

/ / /

N/mm 2 (MPa) N/mm 2 (MPa) N/mm 2 (MPa)

Norway spruce

43

Density

700

Kg/m 3

Dowels

Modulus of elasticity

10000-10500 N/mm 2 (MPa)

Poisson's ratio

0.3

/

Acacia

Density

2700

Kg/m 3

Modul of elasticity

50000-90000 N/mm 2 (MPa)

IGU

Poisson's ratio

0.2 – 0.27

/

Glass

Density

7750 – 8050

Kg/m 3 N/mm Kg/m 3 N/mm /

Reinforcement and windows hardware Reinforcement and windows hardware

Modul of elasticity

210000

2 (MPa)

Poisson's ratio

0.30 2700

Steel

Density

Modul of elasticity

71000

2 (MPa)

Poisson's ratio

0.33

/

Alu.

3. Material Selection of the materials is one of the main factors within development of reinforced wooden window profiles