PSI - Issue 13

ScienceDirect Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Av ilable o line at ww.sciencedire t.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000 – 000 Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 1768–1773 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000 – 000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Int grity Procedia 00 (2018) 000 – 000

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XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal Thermo-mechanical modeling of a high pressure turbine blade of an airplane gas turbine engine P. Brandão a , V. Infante b , A.M. Deus c * a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal b IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal c CeFEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Abstract During their operation, modern aircraft engine components are subjected to increasingly demanding operating conditions, especially the high pressure turbine (HPT) blades. Such conditions cause these parts to undergo different types of time-dependent degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict the creep behaviour of HPT blades. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation company, were used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model needed for the FEM analysis, a HPT blade scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D rectangular block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The overall expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a model can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data. ECF22 - Loading and Environmental effects on Structural Integrity Implications of Substrate Geometry and Coating Thickness on the Cracking Resistance of Polymer-Based Protective Coatings L A Wray a , D Ayre a , P E Irving a , P A Jackson b , P R Jones c , F Zhao c a School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, UK b AkzoNobel Paints and Coatings, Felling, UK; c AkzoNobel Marine, Protective and Yacht Coatings, Felling, UK Abstract Welded steel T-sections of different weld fillet geometries coated with water ballast tank protective coatings were subjected to thermal cycling with a temperature range from 60 ° C to -10 ° C. Cracks developed in the coatings at the weld line, pro gati g longitudinally along it. The number of ycles requir to create 1 mm cr cks was strongly dependent on the weld geometry and the coating Dry Film Thickness (DFT). Finite Element Modelling (FEM) was employed to calculate thermally induced strain fields in the coatings subjected to the same temperature range. FEM predicted that the greatest strain concentrations are present at the coating surface within the weld fillet region. Increased DFT and decreased fillet radius leads to increased maximum principal strains. Numerical analysis predicts that greatest strain ranges promoting the earliest cracking/failure are found in thicker coatings applied to smaller weld radii. Experimental ob ervations confirm this. © 2018 Th Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-revie under responsib lity of the ECF22 organizers. Keywords: Coatings; Thermal Strains; Fatigue; FEM A alysis; Cracking Failure; Coating Life 1. Introduction Corrosion is a common problem within the Marine industry. The deterioration of metal can affect the service life of structures and lead to premature failure. The increased maintenance costs and potential safety hazards that arise from Marine corrosion have resulted in a demand for high performance anti-corrosion coatings. An array of organic coatings have been developed to attempt to counter the effects of the corrosive Marine environment with mainly epoxy coating systems being developed for the protection of water ballast tanks (WBTs) on ships (Lee et al. 2013). In crude oil carriers these WBTs experience extreme environmental conditions caused by the variations in temperature between the crude oil being transported at approximately 60 ° C and the seawater pumped into the tank for ballast. This makes them particularly susceptible to coating failure (Park et al. 2007). Many studies into failure of WBT coatings have concluded that the most significant cracking is present in the weld fillet region of the stiffeners or where two planes © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. ECF22 - Loading and Environmental effects on Structural Integrity Implications of Substrate Geometry and Coating Thickness on the Cracking Resistance of Polymer-Based Protective Coatings L A Wray a , D Ayre a , P E Irving a , P A Jackson b , P R Jones c , F Zhao c School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, UK b AkzoNobel Paints and C atings, Felling, UK; c AkzoNobel Marine, Protective and Yach Coatings, Felling, UK Abstract Welded steel T-sections of different weld fillet geometries coated with water ballast tank protective coatings were subjected to the al cycling with a temperature range from 60 ° C to -10 ° C. Cracks developed in the coatings at th weld line, propagating longitudinally along it. The numbe of cycles required to create 1 mm cracks was strongly dependent on the weld geometry nd the coating Dry Film Thickness (DFT). Finite Element Modelling (FEM) was employed to calculate thermally induced strain fields in the coati gs subjected to the sa temperature range. FEM predicted that the greatest strain concentrations are pres nt at the coating surfac within the weld fillet region. Increased DFT and decreased fillet radius leads to increased m ximum pri cipal strains. Numerical analysis predicts that greatest strain ranges promoting the earliest cracking/failure are found in thicker coatings applied to smaller weld radii. Experimental observatio s confirm th s. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevi r B.V. P er-review under esponsibility of the ECF22 organizers. Keywords: C atings; Therm l Strains; Fatigue; FEM Analysis; Cracking Failure; Coating Life 1. Introduction Corrosion is a common problem within the Marine industry. The deterioration of metal can affect the service life of structures and lead to premature failure. The increased maintenance costs and potential safety hazards that aris from Marine corrosion have result d in a demand for high perform anti-corrosi n co tings. An array of organic coatings have been develop d to attempt to count r the effects of the corrosive Marine environment with mainly epoxy ti systems being developed for the protection of water ballast tanks (WBTs) on ships (Lee et al. 2013). In crude oil carriers these WBTs xperience extr me environmental conditions caused by the variations in temperature between the crude oil being transported at approximately 60 ° C and the seawater pumped into the ta k for ballast. This makes t m particularly susceptible to coating failure (Park et al. 2007). Many studies into failure of WBT coatings have concluded that the most significant cracking is present in the weld fillet region of the stiffeners or where two planes © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218419991. E-mail address: amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt 2452-3216 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. 2452-3216 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer review under r sponsibility of the ECF22 o ganizers.

2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.

2452-3216  2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. 10.1016/j.prostr.2018.12.370