PSI - Issue 13

ScienceDirect Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available o line at ww.sciencedire t.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000 – 000 Procedia Structu al Integrity 13 (2018) 746–752 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

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XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal Thermo-mechanical modeling of a high pressure turbine blade of an airplane gas turbine engine P. Brandão a , V. Infante b , A.M. Deus c * a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal b IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal c CeFEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Abstract During their operation, modern aircraft engine components are subjected to increasingly demanding operating conditions, especially the high pressure turbine (HPT) blades. Such conditions cause these parts to undergo different types of time-dependent degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict the creep behaviour of HPT blades. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation company, were used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model needed for the FEM analysis, a HPT blade scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D rectangular block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The overall expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a model can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data. ECF22 - Loading and Environmental effects on Structural Integrity Hydrogen Embrittlement in pipelines transporting sour hydrocarbons G.Gabetta* a , F.Pagliari a , N.Rezgui b a Eni SpA, Via Emilia 1, 20097 San Donato Milanese (Mi) Italy b Eni Intern.Res. Ltd, AKSAI, Kazachstan Abstract Lamination-like defects in pipeline steels can be of both metallurgical and operational origin. In pipelines transporting hydrocarbon usually such defects are not a big challenge since they do not pr pagate under operating conditions. Nonetheless, in presence of a corrosion phenomenon and sour gas (H 2 S), it is possible to obs rve blisters and cracks which may propagate in the steel. The observed damage mechanisms is Hydrogen Embrittlement and in spite of a huge mount of study and publications available, it is quite difficult for a pipeline owner to get practical data (crack propagation rate for instan e) allowing a reliable estimate of the fitness for service of a pipeline. Taking advantage of a pipeline spool containing internal defects that was in service for more than 10 years and recently removed, a comprehensive study is underway to obtain a complete assessment of the pipeline future integrity. The program is comprehensive of study and comparison of ILI reports of the pipeline, to determine the optimum interval between inspections, assessment of inspection result via an accurate nondestructive (UT) and destructive examination of the removed section, to verify ILI results, lab tests program on specimens from the removed spool at operating conditions (75-80 bar and 30°-36° C) in presence of a small quantity of water, H 2 S (5%) a d CO 2 (7%), in order t assess defec propagation and to obtain an estimate f crack growth rate, test in field of available m thods to monitor t e pre ence of Hydrogen and/or the growth of defects in in-s rvice pipelines. This quite ambitious program is also exp cted to be able of offering a small contribution toward a be t r und rs anding of H mechanisms and the engin ering application of suc complex, often mainly academic, studies. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers Keywords: Hydrogen Embrittleme t; pipelines. 1. INTRODUCTION Integrity Management is a process requiring continuous improvement and feedback with reference to pipeline design, materials specifications & procurement, construction, operation, inspection and maintenance, aimed at reducing failure risks as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) and maximizing the efficiency of industrial components, Gabetta, et al. (2015). © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. ECF22 - Loading and Environmental effects on Structural Integrity Hydrogen Embrittle ent in pipelines transporting sour hydrocarbons G.Gabetta* a , F.Pagliari a , N.Rezgui b a Eni SpA, Via Emilia 1, 20097 San Donato Milanese (Mi) Italy b Eni Intern.Res. Ltd, AKSAI, Kazachstan Abstract Lamination-like defects in pipeline steels can be of both metallurgical and operational origin. In pipelines transporting hydrocarbon usually such defects are not a big challenge si ce they do not propagate under operating conditions. Nonetheless, in presence of a corrosion phenomenon and sour gas (H 2 S), it is possible to observe blisters and cracks which may propagate in the steel. The observed damage mechanisms is Hydrogen Embrittlement and in spite of a huge amount of study and publications available, it is quite difficult for a pipeline owner to get practical data (crack propagation rate for instance) allowing a reliable estimate of the fitness for service of a pipeline. Taking advantage of a pipeline spool containing internal defects that was in service for more than 10 years and recently removed, a comprehensive study is underway to obtain a complete assessment of the pipeline future integrity. The program is comprehensive of study and comparison of ILI reports of the pipeline, to determine the optimum interval between inspections, assessment of inspection results via an accurate nondestructive (UT) and destructive examination of the removed section, to verify ILI results, lab tests program on specimens from the removed spool at operating conditions (75-80 bar and 30°-36° C) in presence of a small quantity of water, H 2 S (5%) and CO 2 (7%), in order to assess defect propagation and to obtain an estimate of crack growth rate, and test in field of available methods to monitor the presence of Hydrogen and/or the growth of defects in in-service pipelines. This quite ambitious program is also expected to be able of offering a small contribution toward a better understanding of HE mechanisms and the engineering application of such complex, often mainly academic, studies. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers Keywords: Hydrogen Embrittlement; pipelines. 1. INTRODUCTION Integrity Management is a process requiring continuous improvement and feedback with reference to pipeline design, materials specifications & procurement, construction, operation, inspection and maintenance, aimed at reducing failure risks as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) and maximizing the efficiency of industrial components, Gabetta, et al. (2015). © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation.

* Corresponding author. Tel. +39 02 52063407 E-mail address: giovanna.gabetta@eni.com * Corresponding author. Tel. +39 02 52063407 E-mail address: giovanna.gabetta@eni.com

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218419991. E-mail address: amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt

2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.

2452-3216  2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the ECF22 organizers. 10.1016/j.prostr.2018.12.124