PSI - Issue 13

Stefan Reich et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018) 28–33 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000 – 000

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3

Table 1: Specific surface energy  s of soda-lime glass (from Reich (2012))

Reference

Method and Environment

 s [Nm/m²]

Acloque (1975) quoted from Nielsen (2009)

0.3 0.3 0.3

not specified, theoretical obtained

Petzold (1990)0 Kerkhof (1970) Shand (1961) Gulati (1997)

not specified

not specified, theoretical obtained

1.70 1.75

analytical technique

not specified

Roesler (1956) quoted from Wiederhorn (1969)

1.8 to 10

analytical technique

Bos, (2009)

2 to 4

not specified not specified

Shutov, et al. (1998) Nakayama (1965) Mecholsky et al. (1974)

2.1

3.4 to 5.2

work of fracture method

3.5

air, 22° C, 40% RH

Clif (1957) quoted from Linger (1968)

3.7 to 4.3 3.91  0.12 3.82  0.10

cone crack, air (rel. hum. 20 %; temp. 20° C) double-cantilever cleavage technique, dry gaseous nitrogen N 2 (gas), 27° C, <1%RH

Wiederhorn (1969)

Berdennikov (1988) Wiederhorn (1969)

4.06

in vacuum, analytical technique

Proctor et al. (1967)

5

not specified

Davidge (1968)

5 to 7 6 to 8 8 to 11

work of fracture method analytical technique compliance method

2.1.1. Former methods to determine specific surface energy  s The different values of the specific surface energy  s , referred in Table 1 were experimentally determined. These experiments based on a static application of load. Typical testing setups included double cantilever (Figure 1) or modified double cantilever techniques (Figure 2), three-point-bending (Figure 3), and cone impactor (Figure 4). The comparison of these techniques shows that tiny specimens with an elaborate geometry were always used for the determination of the fracture energy to build the cracks. And – much more important – all tests use the principle that slowly a certain force is applied on the specimens and the crack propagation is measured. The result is a clear force-crack-relation.

Figure 1: Double cantilever (Wiederhorn (1969))

Figure 2: Three-Point-Bending (Davidge (1968))

Figure 3: Modified double cantilever technique (Davidge (1968))

Figure 4: Cone impactor (Roeser (1956))