PSI - Issue 12

Francesco Del Pero et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 12 (2018) 521–537 F. Del Pero et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000 – 000

525

5

Where: emiss i = amount of emission i during operation [g] (considered emissions: benzene, CH 4 , CO, CO 2 , N 2 O, NH 3 , NMVOC, NO, NO 2 , particulate) emiss i_km = per-kilometre amount of emission i [g/km] (considered emissions: benzene, CH 4 , CO, CO 2 , N 2 O, NH 3 , NMVOC, NO, NO 2 , particulate)

mileage use = use stage mileage during operation [km] emiss SO2 = amount of SO 2 emission during operation [kg] emiss SO2_km = per-kilometre amount of SO 2 emission [kg/km] ppm sulphur = Sulphur content in fuel [ppm] FC use = amount of vehicle Fuel Consumption during operation [kg/km]

Table 2 shows the specific emission values for the ICEV adopted as reference for the environmental modelling.

Table 2. Euro 5 emission levels for the environmental modelling of emissions during operation (ICEV)

Technical features

ICEV

CO 2 emissions

136 g/km

Benzene

0.000997 g/km 0.000648 g/km

CH4 emissions CO emissions N 2 O emissions NH3 emissions

0.594 g/km

0.000452 g/km 0.0405 g/km 0.00706 g/km 0.0538 g/km 0.00283 g/km 0.00195 g/km

NMVOC emissions

NO emissions NO 2 emissions

Particulate emissions Sulphur content in fuel

10 ppm

For both vehicle configurations the energy consumption due to use stage is calculated through an analytical simulation model based on vehicle dynamic and implemented in the AMESim software environment (Siemens PLM software, 2015). The model estimates torque at wheels basing on the speed profile of a specific driving cycle by simulating the operation of all the components that determine the total vehicle consumption (Delogu et al., 2016). The automotive network is modeled by the two model sections drivetrain and control logic, which are composed by different sub-models. The model of the ICEV includes the following sub-models: engine, clutch, gearbox, vehicle dynamics (drivetrain section) and mission profile, driver, control unit (control logic section). Considering the electric configuration, the drivetrain section is composed by electric motor and vehicle dynamics sub-models while the control logic section includes control unit, driver, mission profile and high-voltage battery/electric loads. The calculation of use stage energy consumption is performed assuming the speed profile of the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty Test Cycle (WLTC); developed by the Working Party on Pollution and Energy group (GRPE) within the framework of the Worldwide harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP), the WLTC defines a global harmonized standard for the assessment of emission levels and fuel economy of light-duty vehicles in Europe (Tutuianu et al., 2013). An overview of model components as well as main vehicle technical features adopted as reference for calculation are reported in Figure 1.