PSI - Issue 10

ScienceDirect Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Av ilable o line at ww.sciencedire t.com cienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000 – 000 Procedia Structu al Integrity 1 (2018) 179–186 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000 – 000 il l li i i

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XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal Thermo-mechanical modeling of a high pressure turbine blade of an airplane gas turbine engine P. Brandão a , V. Infante b , A.M. Deus c * a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal b IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal c CeFEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Abstract During their operation, modern aircraft engine components are subjected to increasingly demanding operating conditions, especially the high pressure turbine (HPT) blades. Such conditions cause these parts to undergo different types of time-dependent degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict the creep behaviour of HPT blades. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation company, were used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model needed for the FEM analysis, a HPT blade scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D rectangular block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The overall expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a model can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference of the Greek Society of Experimental Mechanics of Materials. 1 st International Conference of the Greek Society of Experimental Mechanics of Materials Orban ’s gun ballistics and assessment of historical evidence concerning the bombardment of Constantinople walls in 1453 A. Kakaliagos a , N. Ninis b, * a Senior Structural Engineer, Consultant, Athens, Greece b Civil Engineer, Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports, Athens, Greece Abstract In this paper the bombardment of the Constantinople Theodosian Walls by the great cannon of Orban is numerically reproduced with the aid of Structural Mechanics. Overall gun dimensions were assessed based on historical reports, whereby, the gunpowder charge p was estimated at 177 kg, and the gun was placed at a distance of 500 m from the Inner Walls. Gun ballistics and effect on target have been evaluated analytically. The analysis has verified Orban’s gun muzzle velocity, cannonball trajectory and its effect on Const ntinople Walls by successfully calculating the length of the breach in the wall, referred to in historical reports, as well as the cannon ball penetration into soil. Finally, a numerical effort was made to assess the sound pressure level inside Constantinople during bombardment confir ing the tremendous psy hological effect of th c annon’s blast o the City’s population. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Lt . This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1 st International Conference of the Greek Society of Experimental Mechanics of Materials Keywords: Bonbardment of Constantinople wall fortification; medieval gun ballistics; verification of historical reports The bombardment of the Constantinople Theodosian Walls by the great cannon of Orban is hereby treated as a full scale experiment and is numerically reproduced using Structural Mechanics. A ballistic scenario has been adopted in order to check Orban’s gun bombarding effect o Constantinopl e Inner Walls on April 24, 1453, as reported by , , , , , , In thi Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article und t © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation. 1. Introduction

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* Corresponding author. Tel.: +30 210 8252054 E-mail address: nninis@culture.gr Received: April 28, 2018; Received in revised form: July 09, 2018; Accepted: July 17, 2018 . . .

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2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. 2452-3216  2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference of the Greek Society of Experimental Mechanics of Materials. 10.1016/j.prostr.2018.09.026 2452- 3216 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1 st International Conference of the Greek Society of Experimental Mechanics of Materials t * Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218419991. E-mail address: amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt