PSI - Issue 1

ScienceDirect Procedia Structural Integrity 1 (2016) 297–304 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Av ilable o line at ww.sciencedire t.com cienceDirect Structural Integ ity Procedia 00 (2016) 000 – 000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000 – 000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2016) 000 – 000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal Thermo-mechanical modeling of a high pressure turbine blade of an airplane gas turbine engine P. Brandão a , V. Infante b , A.M. Deus c * a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal b IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal c CeFEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Abstract During their operation, modern aircraft engine components are subjected to increasingly demanding operating conditions, especially the high pressure turbine (HPT) blades. Such conditions cause these parts to undergo different types of time-dependent degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict the creep behaviour of HPT blades. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation company, were used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model needed for the FEM analysis, a HPT blade scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D rectangular block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The overall expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a model can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data. XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal Selecting key parameters of the green pellets and lightweight ceramic proppants for enhanced shale gas exploitation J. Szymanska* a , P. Wisniewski a , P. Wawulska-Marek a , M. Malek a , J. Mizera a a Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Woloska 141 Street, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland Abstract Ceramic proppants are classified as propping agents commonly used for the shale gas industry. Fractures created in shale deposits due to high fluid pressure (hydraulic fracturing) have to be propped allowing unconventional gas migration to a borehole. Ceramic granules located in the newly created fissures act as a prop so that the shale gas can flow up the well. It occurs if the proppants can resist the huge forces of the closing fractures at high temperature. Due to these strict geological conditions and processing requirements the proppants have to be characterized by proper physico- mechanical properties. The aim of this research was to study, compare and select the ceramic proppants characterized by the most appropriate parameters. The investigation r lates to the industrial granules obtained by the mechanical granulation method and afterwards sintered which were confronted and analyzed. Utility of the proppants was estimated basing on bulk density and roundness c efficient. Structure, morphology and chemical composition of the samples were determined by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The sintered proppants were also characterized with X-Ray Tomography, turbidity and solubility in acid additionally. The crucial parameter as mechanical strength was established during the propping samples subjection to the crush tests. The obtained outcomes prove that chemical composition, pores distribution, grain size and mechanical strength influence the integrity of created fractures and therefore the extraction of the unconventional gas out of the well. © 2016 The Authors. Published b Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal Selecting key parameters of the green pellets and lightweight ceramic proppants for enhanced shale gas exploitation J. Szymanska* a , P. Wisniewski a , P. Wawulska-Marek a , M. Malek a , J. Mizera a a Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Woloska 141 Street, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland Abstract Ceramic proppants are classified as propping agents commonly used for the shale gas industry. Fractures created in shale deposits due to high fluid p ssure (hy raulic fracturing) have t be propped allowing unconventional gas migr tion to borehole. Ceramic ranules located in t e newly c eated fissures act as a pro so that the shale gas can flow up the well. It occurs if the proppants c r ist th huge forc s of the clos ng fractures at high temperature. Due to these strict geological conditions and cessing requirements the pr ppants ave to be characterized by proper physico- mechanical properties. The aim of this research was to study, com are and select he ceramic p oppants characterized by the most a prop iate parameters. The inv stigation relates to the indust ial granules obtai d by the mechanical gr nulation metho and afterwards sintered which wer confront d and nalyzed. Utility of the proppants was estimated basing on bulk densi y and r undness coeffici nt. Structure, morphology and chemical composition of the samples were determ d by the Scanning Electron Micr scopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectros py (EDS). The sintered proppants w e also characterized with X-Ray Tomography, turbidity and solubility in acid additionally. The crucial parameter as mechanical strength was stablished during the propping samples ubject on to the crush tests. The obtained outcomes prov that chemical composition, pores distribution, grain size and mechanical strength influence the integrity of created fractures and therefore the extractio of th unconventi al g s out of the w ll. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevi r B.V Peer-review under espons bility of the Scientific Com ittee of PCF 2016. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.

Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation. Keywords: ceramic proppants; granulation; raw materials; shale gas; hydraulic fracturing Keywords: ceramic p oppants; gra ulation; raw materials; shale gas; hydraulic fracturing

Corresponding author. Tel.: +48-791-191-329. E-mail address: joanna.szymanska.pl@gmail.com Corresponding author. Tel.: +48-791-191-329. E-mail address: joanna.szymanska.pl@gmail.com

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218419991. E-mail address: amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt 2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. 2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer review under r sponsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.

2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ). Peer review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. 10.1016/j.prostr.2016.02.040