PSI - Issue 1

ScienceDirect Procedia Structural Integrity 1 (2016) 034–041 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Av ilable o line at www.sciencedire t.com ScienceDirect Structural Integ ity Procedia 00 (2016) 00 – 000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 00 (2016) 000–000 v ilabl online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia ngineering 00 16) 00 00 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia . l i r.co /locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Procedia Engineering 00 (2016) 000–000

XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, PCF 2016, 10-12 February 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal Thermo-mechanical modeling of a high pressure turbine blade of an airplane gas turbine engine P. Brandão a , V. Infante b , A.M. Deus c * a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal b IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal c CeFEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Abstract During their operation, modern aircraft engine components are subjected to increasingly demanding operating conditions, especially the high pressure turbine (HPT) blades. Such conditions cause these parts to undergo different types of time-dependent degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict the creep behaviour of HPT blades. Flight data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation company, were used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model needed for the FEM analysis, a HPT blade scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D rectangular block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The overall expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a model can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data. 1st International Conference on Structural Integrity Rotary Fatigue Testing to Determine the Fatigue Life of NiTi alloy Wires: An Experimental and Numerical Analisys Andre´ Carvalho a , Manuel Freitas a, ∗ , Luis Reis a , Diogo Montalva˜o b , Manuel Fonte a,c a IDMEC - Instituto Superior Te´cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal b School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Colleg Lane Campus, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK c Escola Na´utica Infante D. Henrique, Av. Eng. Bonneville Franco, 2770-058, Pac¸o d’Arcos, Portugal Abstract Endodontic rotary file instruments used to treat root canals in dentistry suffered breakthrough transformations in recent years when stainless steel was replaced by Nickel-Titanium (NiTi). NiTi alloys used in Endodontics possess superelastic properties at body temperature (37C) that bring many advantages on the overall performance of the root-canal treatment. They can follow curved root canals more easily than stainless steel instruments and have been reported to be more effective in the removal of the inflamed pulp tissue and protection of the tooth structure. However, these instruments eventually fracture under cyclic bending loading due to fatigue, without any visible signals of degradation to the practitioner. This problem brought new challenges on how new instruments should be tested, as NiTi alloys are highly non-linear and present a large hysteresis cycle in the Elastic domain. Current existing standards are only available for Stainless Ste l testing. Thus, many authors have attempted to design systems that can test NiTi endodontic files under fatigue loads. However, no approach has been universally adopted by the community yet, as in ost cases they are based on empirical set ups. Following a more systematic approach, this work presents the results of rotary fatigue tests for several NiTi wires from different manufacturers (Memry™ and Euroflex™ ).The formulation is presented, where the material strength reduction can be quantified from the determination of the strain and the number of cycles until failure, as well numerical FEM simulation to verify the analytical model predictions. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. Keywords: Fatigue; Files; NiTi wires; Life evaluation. st I t r ti l f r tr t r l I t rit t ti ti t t i t ti i i i ll i : i t l i l li Andre´ Carvalho a , Manuel Freitas a, ∗ , i i a , i t l ˜ b , l t a,c a I - Instituto Superior Te´cnico, niversidade de Lisboa, v. ovisco ais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, ortugal b School of ngineering and Technology, niversity of ertfordshire, ollege Lane a pus, atfield, erts L10 9 , c scola a´utica Infante . enrique, v. ng. onneville ranco, 2770-058, ac¸o d’ rcos, ortugal stract ndodontic rotary le instru ents used to treat root canals in dentis ry suffered breakthrough transfor ations in recent years hen stainless steel as replaced by ickel- itaniu ( i ). i i alloys used in ndo ontics possess superelastic properties at body te perature (37 ) that bring any advantages on the overall perfor ance of the root-canal treat ent. hey can follo curved root canals ore easily than stainless steel instru ents and have been reported to be ore effective in the re oval of the in a ed pulp tissue and protection of the tooth structure. o ever, these instru ents eventually fracture under cyclic bending loading due to fatigue, ithout any visible signals of degradation to the practitioner. his proble brought ne challenges on ho ne instru ents should be tested, as i i alloys are highly non-linear and present a large hysteresis cycle in the lastic do ain. urrent existing standards are only available for tainless teel testing. hus, any authors have atte pted to design syste s that can test i i endodontic les under fatigue loads. o ever, no approach has been universally adopted by the co unity yet, as in most cases they are based on e pirical set ups. ollo ing a ore syste atic approach, this ork presents the results of rotary fatigue tests for several Ni i ires from different manufacturers ( emry and Euroflex™ ).The formulation is presented, here the material strength reduction can be quantified from the determination of the strain and the nu ber of cycles until failure, as ell nu erical si ulation to verify the analytical model predictions. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific o ittee of PCF 2016. ey ords: Fatigue; Files; NiTi wires; ife evaluation. 1st International Conference on Structural Integrity Rotary Fatigue T sting to D termine the Fatigue Life of NiTi alloy Wires: An Experimental and Numerical Analisys Andre´ Carvalho a , Manuel Freitas a, ∗ , Luis Reis a , Diog Montalva˜o b , Manuel Fonte a,c a IDMEC - Instituto Superior Te´cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal b School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK c Escola Na´utica Infante D. Henrique, Av. Eng. Bo neville Franco, 2770-058, Pac¸o d’Arcos, Portugal Abstract Endodontic rotary file instruments used to treat root canals in dentistry suffered breakthrough transformations in recent years when stainless steel was replaced by Nickel-Titanium (NiTi). NiTi alloys used in End dontics possess superelastic properties at body temperature (37C) that bring many advantages on the overall performance of the root-canal treatment. They can follow curved root canals more easily than stainless steel instruments and have been reported to be more effective in the removal of the inflamed pulp tissue and protection of the tooth structure. However, these instruments eventually fracture under cyclic bending loading due to fatigue, without any visible signals of degradation to the practitioner. This problem brought new challenges on how new instruments should be tested, as NiTi alloys are highly non-linear and present a large hysteresis cycle in the Elastic domain. Current existing standards are only available for Stainless Steel testing. Thus, many authors have attempted to design systems that can test NiTi endodontic files under fatigue loads. However, no approach has been universally adopted by the community yet, as in most cases they are based on empirical set ups. Following a more systematic appr ach, this work presents the results of rotary fatigue tests for several NiTi wires from different manufacturers (Memry™ and Euroflex™ ).The formulation is presented, where the material strength reduction can be quantified from the determination of the strain and the number of cycles until failure, as well numerical FEM simulation t verify the anal tical model predictions. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under respo sibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. Keywords: Fatigue; Files; NiTi wires; Life evaluation. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevi r B.V. T is is an p n ccess article under th CC BY-NC-ND lice se (http://creativecommons.org/l censes/b -nc-nd/4.0/). r-review u der re ponsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.

© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.

Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation.

1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction

In dentistry, the root canal procedure is done using a rotary file that removes the existing nerve endings on a tooth. In the past, endodontic files used in this procedure were made from highly flexible steel alloys. However, steel alloy files, while being flexible, are still too rigid to avoid damaging the walls of the root canals. In order to minimize these adverse effects, Nickel-Titanium alloys are now being used in the design of endodontic rotary files instead of stainless steel alloys. NiTi alloys are superelastic metal alloys that are able to fully recover from large deformations (up to I e tistr , t e r t ca al r ce re is e si a r tar le t at re es t e e isti er e e i s a t t . I t e ast, e tic les se i t is r ce re ere a e fr i l e i le steel all s. e er, steel all les, ile ei e i le, are still t ri i t a i a a i t e alls f t e r t ca als. I r er t i i ize t ese a erse effects, ic el- ita i all s are ei se i t e esi f e tic r tar les i stea f stai less steel all s. i i all s are s erelastic etal all s t at are a le t f ll rec er fr lar e ef r ati s ( t In dentistry, the root canal procedure is done using a rotary file that removes the existing nerve endings on a tooth. In the past, endodontic files used in this procedure were made from highly fl xible stee alloys. However, steel alloy files, while being flexible, re still too rigid to avoid damaging the walls of the root canals. In order to minimize these adverse effects, Nickel-Titanium alloys are now being used in the d sign of endodontic rotary files instead of stainless steel alloys. NiTi alloys are superelastic metal alloys that are able to fully recover from large deformations (up to

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218419991. E-mail address: amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: mfreitas@dem.ist.utl.pt ∗ orresponding author. E- ail address: mfreitas de .ist.utl.pt

2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ). Peer review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. 10.1016/j.prostr.2016.02.006 2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. 2452-3216 2016 The Auth rs. Published by Elsevier . . Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016. ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: mfreitas@dem.ist.utl.pt 2452-3216 © 2016 The Auth s. Publi hed by Elsevier B.V. Pe r-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.