PSI - Issue 46

A. Wetzel et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 46 (2023) 10–16 Anna Wetzel et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

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The tensile tests in Fig. 7.a) show a good agreement between the simulations and the experiments, although the stranded model shows a slight nonlinearity from the beginning. Since the fracture force for the strands is about 2600 MPa, the deviation should not be too high. The bending simulation of the geometrical model in Fig. 7.b) shows the same force values as the experimental results at certain displacements. The force calculated by the stranded model deviates slightly at first due to oscillations. At higher displacement rates the curve fits very well. The same oscillations of the stranded model are noticeable for the torsion test in Fig. 7.c), though not as significant. Similar to the experiments, the translation in z-direction is not fixed and no axial force is transmitted. The results for this load case fit very well with the experiments and the geometrical model. No additional damping has been used in the analyses. 6. Conclusions During the stranding process, each outer wire is plastically deformed at two points. The first plastic deformation can be noticed during bending around the stranding disk. The second one, when the wire reaches the twisting point and is forced into position with the other wires around the central wire. The plastic deformation at the stranding point is more extensive and responsible for the final helical shape of each wire. The central wire is not exposed to torsional stress. The three-part wire model is a good approach to eliminate non-uniform stresses at the beginning and the end of the strand due to the boundary conditions by extracting only the desired strand length. The computing time for both stranding analyses is about 50 h (24 cores, 2.2 GHz) with potential for speeding up. But once stranded, the model can be imported to further analyses, so this time must only be spent once. Both FE-models represent the experimental test results very well. The simulation results of the stranded model do not differ from those of the geometric model, except for the slight oscillations at the beginning. Due to simulating the stranding process, the stresses of the stranded model are initially higher than those of the geometrical model, but the results of the investigated behavior are not different. Those resulting stresses in the strand will be analyzed further in order to use this model for future fatigue analyses. That would not be possible with the geometrical model since it is initially free of stresses. Acknowledgements We would like to sincerely thank Frank Hofmann and Heiko Winderlich from the Institute of Metal Forming from the University of Freiberg for performing the wire tensile tests and the torsion tests. References Cao, X., Wu, W., 2018. The establishment of a mechanics model of multi-strand wire rope subjected to bending load with finite element simulation and experimental verification. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 142–143, 289–303. Erdonmez, C., Imrak, C. E., 2011. A finite element model for independent wire rope core with double helical geometry subjected to axial loads. Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences, 36(6), 995–1008. Feyrer, K., 2006. Wire Ropes: Tension, Endurance, Reliability. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. Jikal, A., Majid, F., Chaffoui, H., Meziane, M., ELghorba, M., 2020. Corrosion influence on lifetime prediction to determine the Wöhler curves of outer layer strand of a steel wire rope. Engineering Failure Analysis, 109. Judge, R., Yang, Z., Jones, S. W., Beattie, G., 2012. Full 3D finite element modelling of spiral strand cables. Construction and Building Materials, 35, 452–459. Kastratović, G., Vidanović, N., Bakić, V., Rašuo, B., 2014. On finite element analysis of sling wire rope subjected to axial loading. Ocean Engineering, 88, 480–487. Korhunov, A., Medvedeva, E., Ivekeeva, P., Konstantiov, D., 2020. FEM research of internal stresses evolution in the prestressing strand production. METAL 2020 - 29th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings, 215–221. Mouradi, H., El Barkany, Abdellah, Biyaali, A., 2016. Investigation on the main degradation mechanisms of steel wire ropes: A literature review. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 11. Onur, Y. A., İmrak, C. E., Onur, T. Ö., 2017. Investigation on Bending over Sheave Fatigue Life Determination of Rotation Resistant Steel Wire Rope. Experimental Techniques, 41(5), 475–482. Weis, J C., 2015. Parameterstudie der Kontaktspannungen in zugbelasteten Drahtseilen basierend auf der Finite-Elemente-Methode. Stuttgart: Institut für Fördertechnik und Logistik. Wenzheng, D., Baozhu, M., Zheng, X., Dazhi, C., Peng, W. 2017. Finite element analysis on the wire breaking rule of 1×7IWS steel wire rope. MATEC Web of Conferences, 108.