PSI - Issue 83

Alla V. Balueva et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 83 (2026) 196–207

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In addition, computational software such as Gaussian09W and Gauss View was used to model the chemical structures and conduct atomistic calculations to evaluate the interactions and determine if there is a significant improvement in the coating. © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the ESIAM26 organizers

Keywords: tricalcium phosphate coatings; doping with silicon; molecular dynamics calculations; adhesive strength

1. Introduction Calcium phosphate coating (TCP) on dental implants was a way to modify the surface of the implant and allow the implant to better interact the human body and create a strong hold between the human body and the implant (e.g., Dorozhkin, 2023). Calcium phosphate coatings have also shown to be effective coatings, as they are able to create a suitable osteoimmune microenvironment and encourage bone healing and growth by helping reroute macrophages (immune cells) from attack mode to repair mode (e.g., Shi et al., 2024; Chen et al., 2022). Then, complementing the calcium phosphate coatings with biocompatible elements like silicon should improve the coating by enhancing the coating with silicon’s dielectric properties (e.g., Wang et al., 2026; Nian et al., 2024; Zeng et al., 2024).

Fig. 1. Diagram of a dental implant embedded in the jawbone.

Additionally, it is important to construct compatible dental implants that are suitable for everyday life as dental diseases are very common and affect around 75% of the world’s population (Martinez et al., 2019). Subsequently, the use of dental implants can increase the risk of dental disease, thus increasing the importance of suitable implants and help to minimize the risk of infection and disease (Martinez et al., 2019). Currently, common issues found with implants are the presence of microcracks, low durability, issues moisture resistance, and poor insulating capabilities (Martinez et al., 2019). The use of silicon with titanium implants has been shown to be effective as silicon has hydrophilic properties, optimal physical and mechanical and dielectric characteristics creating a compressive stress on the surface reduced roughness parameters (Martinez et al., 2019). Moreover, the use of silicon as a possible additive in the dental coatings is based on the fact the silicon compounds contain dielectric properties in their amorphous state. The compound’s amorphous state facilitates healing of micro cracks of the surface layer, formation of the surface with improved hydrophilic properties, the optimal physical and mechanical characteristics (Zhang et al., 2025). In addition, the application of coatings based on silicon compounds, characterized by its small dimensions and low power consumption, can be used directly before installing implants and abutment (Zhang et al., 2025). Despite the fact that doping of calcium phosphate implant’s coatings with different additives provides the additional properties and contributes to their functionality, the question arises – do they keep the same good adhesion with the