PSI - Issue 83

Shayiq Rashid et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 83 (2026) 79–84

82

Table 1 Pavement-focused applications of SSCs

Pavement composite

Year

Functional phases

Mechanism

Scale

Results

Ref. #

Improved conductivity with graphite > 0.68% and steel fibers in the range of 0.9-1.1% Conductivity increases with an increase in CF and shows the good accuracy of Peizoresistive at CF(6-8%) In 0.3% CF asphalt, fractional resistance change predicts stiffness (R²=0.95), enabling early fatigue detection. SSWs form stable, low-resistance networks suited to self-sensing/de-icing, while SSFs give higher-resistance, interfacial-capacitive behavior better for induction self healing. At 2.5 vol% steel fibers (5.0% binder), the mix met SCRB (2003) and achieved peak Marshall stability (17.3 kN) with increased flow; SFs rendered the asphalt conductive with load-dependent resistivity (decreasing under load), enabling self-sensing traffic monitoring without auxiliary sensors. A 50 vol% PZT blend achieved the best electro-mechanical balance ( ε r = 71.31, loss = 0.047, piezo constant = 18, σ c = 64.12 MPa, σ f = 54.64 MPa) and produced stable signals over 150,000 load cycles, confirming durability for pavement SHM.

W. Ding et al.,

Bitumen 60/80 + Aggregates

2024

Graphite & SF

Piezoresistive

Lab

S. Dong et al.,

Bitumen 60/70 + limestone aggregates

CF (2-10% by weight of Asphalt)

2024

Piezoresistive

Lab

D. Cubilla et al.,

PMB 45/80-65 + aggregates

CF ( 0.3-0.6% by binder wt.)

Piezoresistive under fatigue

2025

Lab

Z. Deng et al.,

Stainless-steel fibers(dia=0.233)/wires (dia= 20 micrometer)

Electronic percolation

2023

90# asphalt

Lab

H. Wang et al.,

PC+ Silica Fume(10%)+ SP

CNF (1% wt. of binder)

2022

Piezoresistive

Lab+Demo

PZT/PVDF (perception composite)+ Silane coupling agent

Y. Li et al.,

PZT + PVDF

Piezoelectric

Lab

2022

(KH-560)+ Silver glue