PSI - Issue 83

Samia M. Mohamed et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 83 (2026) 72–78

77

functioning as part of the sensing system. In structural health monitoring (SHM), SSCCs support continuous tracking of damage evolution and environmental influences, informing condition assessment, early warning, and maintenance planning. Consistently reported practical issues include achieving uniform dispersion, ensuring durable electrodes/interconnects, and managing moisture- and temperature-induced drift, alongside the need for calibration and standardized reporting. Future work should emphasize comparative benchmarks, long-term field validation, and construction-scale implementation practices to translate laboratory findings into reliable, routine use in smart road infrastructure. References Abedi, M., Fangueiro, R., Gomes Correia, A., 2021. A review of intrinsic self-sensing cementitious composites and prospects for their application in transport infrastructures. Constr. Build. Mater. 310, 125139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125139 Abedi, M., Waris, M.B., Al-Alawi, M., Al-Jabri, K., 2025. Transformative low-carbon 3D-printed infrastructure: Machine learning-driven self sensing and self-heating limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143123 Adresi, M., Pakhirehzan, F., 2023. Evaluating the performance of Self-Sensing concrete sensors under temperature and moisture variations- a review. Constr. Build. Mater. 404, 132923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132923 Bekzhanova, Z., Memon, S.A., Kim, J.R., 2021a. Self-Sensing Cementitious Composites: Review and Perspective. Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092355 Bekzhanova, Z., Memon, S.A., Kim, J.R., 2021b. Self-Sensing Cementitious Composites: Review and Perspective. Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092355 Chung, D.D.L., 2023. A critical review of electrical-resistance-based self-sensing in conductive cement-based materials. Carbon N. Y. 203, 311– 325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.11.076 Cubilla, D., Gulisano, F., Apaza Apaza, F.R., Boada-Parra, G., Gallego, J., 2025. Instantaneous and long-term piezoresistive response of asphalt mixtures with carbon fibers under dynamic flexural fatigue testing. Constr. Build. Mater. 491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142646 Dalalbashi, A., Mendizabal, V., Drougkas, A., Sarhosis, V., 2025. Electromechanical and piezoresistive behaviour of hydraulic lime mortar incorporating carbon microfibers for self-sensing applications. Constr. Build. Mater. 497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143933 Deng, Z., Nguyen, Q.D., Mahmood, A.H., Pang, Y., Shi, T., Sheng, D., 2025. Piezoresistivity assessment of self-sensing asphalt-based pavements with machine learning algorithm. Constr. Build. Mater. 468, 140291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140291 Dinesh, A., Indhumathi, S., Pichumani, M., 2024. Self-sensing cement composites for structural health monitoring: From know-how to do-how. Autom. Constr. 160, 105304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105304 Ding, S., Xiang, Y., Ni, Y.-Q., Thakur, V.K., Wang, X., Han, B., Ou, J., 2022. In-situ synthesizing carbon nanotubes on cement to develop self sensing cementitious composites for smart high-speed rail infrastructures. Nano Today 43, 101438. Dong, S., Zhang, W., Wang, X., Han, B., 2023. New-generation pavement empowered by smart and multifunctional concretes: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 402, 132980. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132980 Dong, W., Li, W., Guo, Y., Sun, Z., Qu, F., Liang, R., Shah, S.P., 2022a. Application of intrinsic self-sensing cement-based sensor for traffic detection of human motion and vehicle speed. Constr. Build. Mater. 355, 129130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129130 Dong, W., Li, W., Guo, Y., Sun, Z., Qu, F., Liang, R., Shah, S.P., 2022b. Application of intrinsic cement-based sensor for traffic detections of human motion and vehicle speed. Constr. Build. Mater. 355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129130 Guo, W., Ding, Y., Randl, N., 2025. Effect of macro polyoxymethylene fiber on the flexural behavior of concrete beam under cyclic loading and the potential for self-monitoring of crack development. Cem. Concr. Compos. 164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106225 Guo, Y., Qu, F., Dong, W., Wang, Y., Yoo, D.Y., Maruyama, I., Li, W., 2025. Self-sensing performance of nanoengineered one-part alkali-activated materials-based sensors after exposure to elevated temperature. Cem. Concr. Compos. 164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106257 Gupta, S., Lin, Y.-A., Lee, H.-J., Buscheck, J., Wu, R., Lynch, J.P., Garg, N., Loh, K.J., 2021. In situ crack mapping of large-scale self-sensing concrete pavements using electrical resistance tomography. Cem. Concr. Compos. 122, 104154. Han, B., Ding, S., Yu, X., 2015. Intrinsic self-sensing concrete and structures: A review. Measurement 59, 110–128. Han, B., Zhang, L., Ou, J., 2017. Smart and multifunctional concrete toward sustainable infrastructures. Springer. Kang, Z., Zhang, J., Li, N., Yang, Y., Lv, T., Lu, J., 2024. Development of self-sensing cement composites by incorporating hybrid biochar and nano carbon black. Cem. Concr. Compos. 153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105708 Khan, A., Yang, Y., Ullah, S., Bilal, H., Xu, Z., Ma, X., 2024. Self-sensing performance of the CAC-based MWCNT/NCB composite at high temperatures. Constr. Build. Mater. 455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139113 Lee, S.J., You, I., Kim, S., Shin, H.O., Yoo, D.Y., 2022. Self-sensing capacity of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete containing conductive powders in tension. Cem. Concr. Compos. 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104331 Li, Y., Wu, J., Wang, S., Liu, K., Xu, J., Quan, X., Liu, B., 2025. Iron tailings as ecofriendly fillers in the utilization of carbon fiber self-sensing cementitious composites under sulfate freeze-thaw cycles. Constr. Build. Mater. 492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143080 Lu, M., Xie, H., Wang, H., Ma, Y., 2025. Self-sensing properties of steel fiber reinforced-alkali-activated fly ash/slag mortar. Constr. Build. Mater. 458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139580 Ma, Y., Luo, T., Jiang, C., Lu, Y., Gong, Y., Li, F., Li, Z., Wang, H., Fu, J., 2025. Optimizing the self-sensing properties of alkali-activated conductive mortar with aligned nickel-coated carbon fibers. Cem. Concr. Compos. 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106206 Öztürk, O., Steffen, L., Altuntaş, İ.O., Kahnt, A., Böhm, R., 2024. Self -sensing behavior of carbon fiber reinforced lightweight cementitious composites under simultaneous conditions of mechanical loading and environmental effects. Constr. Build. Mater. 457, 139453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139453 Ran, H., Elchalakani, M., Liu, H., Yehia, S., Yang, B., 2023. Development and characteristics of multifunctional ultra-lightweight engineered cementitious composites incorporating cenospheres and PE fibre. Cem. Concr. Compos. 140.