PSI - Issue 83

E.N.T. Isidro et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 83 (2026) 171–178

174

Table 3. Combinations of print parameters vs VED.

Sample Strategy

P ( W )

V ( mm/s )

h ( mm )

t ( mm )

VDE ( J/mm 3 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

120 150 150 150 200 120 150 150 150 200

500

96.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 26.7 96.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 26.7

1000 1500 3000 3000 1000 1500 3000 3000 500

0.1

0.025

Chessboard

0.1

0.025

Stripes

10

Cubic specimens with dimensions of 10×10×10 mm³ were produced for all investigations. All specimens were built with the same orientation to eliminate the influence of the processing parameters on the material properties. Surface preparation was carried out on a polishing machine by sequential grinding and polishing using abrasive papers with increasing grit sizes (P360, P600, and P1200), resulting in a flat and defect-free surface. 2.3. Testing plan Tests were performed on 1.2709 steel to evaluate the effects of printing parameters on its relative density, surface roughness, and Vickers hardness in the as-printed state. Density was measured using the hydrostatic weighing technique as per ISO 3369, based on Archimedes' principle, and reported as a percentage. Surface roughness was shown to influence performance, wear resistance, coating adhesion, and fatigue resistance. Measurements were taken from two orientations: the XY plane (parallel to construction direction) and the XZ plane (perpendicular to construction direction), using a Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-210 roughness tester on the specimens in their original manufactured state.

Figure 3. Schematic representation of the planes where the roughness measurements were performed.

The Vickers HV50 method and the EMCO-TEST DuraVision 20 G5 device were used to conduct the hardness measurement tests. For this purpose, the upper and lateral faces of each cube were selected as distinct surfaces for evaluation. Preparation involved sanding to create a smooth surface, measurements were taken on each of these surfaces (Figure 4). The tests were conducted in accordance with the ASTM E92 standard.

Figure 4. Hardness measurement: (a) as-printed face; (b) the sanded face.