PSI - Issue 83

Wong Kam Chee et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 83 (2026) 14–27

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a)

b)

c)

Figure 9. Cantilever beam test (a) cantilever beam model; (b) cantilever beam lattice infill cross section; (c) simulation

Table 8. Results of the cantilever beam test Lattices Displacement (mm) Relative density G 8.28547 16.1 P 15.7995 14.2 H1 12.4373 12.91 H2 9.8794 13.69

4. Conclusions This study focused on the biomechanical analysis of TPMS lattice structures for potential application in hip implant design using AM and FEM. Among all the lattices, H2 shows the lowest von Mises stress of 354.151MPa. The Gyroid lattice shows the least deformation of 1.41077 x 10 -2 mm and nearly isotropic mechanical behavior. Based on the simulation results and the discussions made, the research objectives were achieved. The conclusion of this research is summarized as below: 1.The research has successfully achieved the first objective of designing a TPMS lattice using Ti6Al4V by combining the mathematical expression of Schwarz P and Gyroid to create a new hybrid lattice. Modification of the new hybrid lattice is also done by offsetting the mathematical equation of both the thinner and thicker lattice by 0.1mm to solve the weak point of the hybrid lattice, which are the sharp points on the lattice where stress concentration will occur. 2.The simulation process of compression test, homogenization, and cantilever beam test using FEM was successfully done. H1 and H2, which are the hybridization from Schwarz P and Gyroid show mixture of properties to their counterparts with displacements of 2.56355 x 10-2mm and 1.77820 x 10-2mm, respectively. H1 and H2 also have lower mass and relative density, which might be an advantage in weight-critical cases. The reduction of Von Mises stress by 104.31% of H2 (354.151MPa) compared to H1 (1126.269MPa) also proves that the modification has successfully eliminated the stress concentration problem in the hybrid lattice. Both objectives have been successfully achieved in this research. By reducing stress concentration and improving stress distribution, the modified hybrid lattice addresses common challenges in conventional implant design such as stress shielding and node stress concentration. Current analysis was limited to linear elastic material behavior, future research can focus on fatigue analysis and experimental validation to strengthen the reliability of FEM predictions. In conclusion, H2 shows superior biomechanical performance and structural stability, making it a promising alternative for next generation AM hip implant.